Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hGC)

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Front matter......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
About the Author......Page 7
Abbreviations......Page 9
Contributors......Page 12
The Expanding World of hCG......Page 13
References......Page 20
History and Introduction to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): One Name for at least Three Independent Molecules......Page 23
References......Page 30
Introduction to Pregnancy Implantation, Villous Formation, and Hemochorial Placentation......Page 33
References......Page 42
The LH/hCG Gene Cluster......Page 44
Control of hCG Gene Expression: hCGα......Page 45
Control of hCG Gene Expression: hCGβ......Page 48
References......Page 52
Structure, Synthesis, Secretion, and Function of hCG......Page 56
Carbohydrate Structure of hCG......Page 57
hCG Primary Structure......Page 59
hCG Tertiary Structure......Page 61
hCG Quaternary Structure......Page 62
Synthesis and Secretion of hCG......Page 64
Functions of hCG......Page 66
References......Page 67
Peptide Structure of hCG-H......Page 70
N- and O-Linked Oligosaccharide Structures of hCG-H......Page 75
References......Page 79
Free α-Subunit......Page 81
Free β-Subunit......Page 84
References......Page 86
Characteristic Features of the Sugar Chains of Glycoproteins......Page 89
Biosynthetic Pathways of the Sugar Chains of Glycoproteins to Form Their Characteristic Features......Page 90
The hCG Sugar Chains from Urine of Pregnant Women and Placenta......Page 92
Characteristic Features of the Sugar Chains of Free α-Subunit......Page 96
Comparative Studies of the N-Linked Sugar Chains of hCG Samples Purified from the Urine of Patients with Various Trophoblastic Diseases......Page 98
Alteration Induced in the O-Linked Sugar Chains of hCG by Malignant Transformation of Trophoblasts......Page 100
Altered Expression of GnT-IV in Choriocarcinoma Cells......Page 101
Glycosylated hCG as a Diagnostic Marker of Trophoblastic Diseases......Page 102
Functional Role of the hCG Sialic Acid Residues......Page 104
Future Prospects......Page 106
References......Page 109
Degradation Products of hCG, Hyperglycosylated hCG, and Free β-Subunit......Page 114
Pure hCG Preparations......Page 115
Nicking and Enzyme Cleavage......Page 117
Liver Clearance......Page 118
Degradation with Pregnancy Advancement......Page 119
References......Page 122
Three-Dimensional Structure of hCG......Page 124
hCG......Page 125
Free β-Subunit......Page 127
References......Page 128
Paradigm Shift on the Targets of hCG Actions......Page 129
References......Page 133
The hCG Receptor......Page 136
References......Page 139
Biological Function of Hyperglycosylated hCG......Page 141
References......Page 146
Biological Function of the Free β-Subunit: Expression and Treatment Target in Cancer......Page 149
hCGβ Expression in Epithelial Cancer......Page 151
The Biological Action of hCGβ on Epithelial Tumors......Page 154
hCG Cancer Vaccines......Page 157
References......Page 160
Use of hCG in Reproductive Dysfunction......Page 168
Historical Overview and Perspective......Page 169
OI—Parenteral Agents, with hCG......Page 172
OI Protocols and FSH Preparations......Page 173
Timing Administration of hCG—Ultrasound Monitoring, Progesterone Patterns, and Endogenous LH Surge Patterns......Page 176
Risks of Ovulation Management with hCG......Page 177
Efficacy of LUF Syndrome......Page 179
Considerations of hCG Administration for Timing IUI......Page 181
High-Order Multiple Pregnancies......Page 185
References......Page 187
hCG in Assisted Reproduction......Page 194
The Follicular Phase: The Role of LH......Page 195
The Periovulatory Phase and the Mid-Cycle LH Surge......Page 196
The Follicular–Luteal Transition......Page 197
The Potential Role of hCG in Implantation......Page 198
hCG in the Management of Normal Pregnancy......Page 200
Hyperstimulation Syndrome......Page 201
hCG in the Management of Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 202
References......Page 203
Dietary Programs......Page 206
hCG and Anabolism Promotion......Page 207
References......Page 208
Intact hCG and Total hCG Assay......Page 211
Free Subunit, Glycosylation Variant, and Fragment Assay......Page 214
References......Page 215
Manual Immunometric Assays......Page 217
Automated Immunometric Assays......Page 219
Competitive Radioimmunoassays......Page 221
References......Page 222
False Positive hCG Test......Page 223
References......Page 229
Specificity of Different hCG Assays......Page 231
Clinical Laboratory Tests......Page 232
Point-of-Care Tests......Page 237
References......Page 238
Point-of-Care Pregnancy Tests......Page 240
Point-of-Care Tests......Page 241
References......Page 243
How OTC Tests Work......Page 244
Accuracy of OTC Tests......Page 245
References......Page 250
hCG Standards......Page 251
Third IS......Page 252
IRR for hCG and Related Substances......Page 253
Future Prospects......Page 256
References......Page 257
Background hCG......Page 260
Serum hCG......Page 261
Urine hCG......Page 262
The Menopausal hCG Quandary......Page 266
References......Page 267
Pregnancy Testing......Page 269
References......Page 274
Predicting Spontaneously Aborted (SAB) Pregnancies......Page 275
Pregnancy Outcome Markers......Page 276
Early Pregnancy hCG......Page 277
Testing for hCG-H......Page 278
References......Page 280
Down Syndrome Screening......Page 283
Preeclampsia Screening......Page 285
References......Page 286
hCG in Monitoring Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases......Page 288
References......Page 293
Use of Hyperglycosylated hCG as a Unique Marker of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms......Page 294
Quiescent Gestational Trophoblastic Disease......Page 295
Minimally Aggressive Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasm......Page 297
References......Page 310
Pituitary hCG and Familial hCG......Page 312
Biological Function of Pituitary hCG......Page 313
Occurrence of Pituitary hCG......Page 315
Familial hCG Syndrome......Page 319
References......Page 321
hCG and Tumor Markers......Page 325
References......Page 329
Urine hCG and hCG-H......Page 331
Culture Fluid hCG and hCG-H......Page 332
References......Page 333
Desialylation......Page 335
References......Page 336
hCG and Free β-Subunit Producing Cell Lines......Page 337
References......Page 340
Evolution of hCG, Evolution of Humans, and Evolution of Human Pregnancy Disorders and Cancer......Page 341
CG Evolution......Page 342
CG, CG-H, and the Evolution of Humans......Page 344
CG Evolution and the Development of Pregnancy Disorders......Page 349
hCG and Cancer......Page 350
References......Page 352
Biological Functions......Page 355
Administration of hCG......Page 356
Synthesis and Degradation of hCG......Page 357
hCG and the Future......Page 358