Human Caspases and Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Human Caspases and Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Human Caspases and Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface to first edition of book
Acknowledgment
1 - Neurodegenerative diseases
	Introduction
	Risk factors and neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases
		Role of transition metals in neurodegenerative diseases
			Role of iron in neurodegenerative diseases
			Role of copper in neurodegenerative diseases
		Role of mitochondrial abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases
			Role of free radicals formation in mitochondria
			Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases
			Impaired mitochondrial enzymes in neurodegenerative diseases
			Impaired mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegenerative diseases
			Impaired mitochondrial distribution in neurodegenerative diseases
		Role of protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases
			Role of Aβ peptide in Alzheimer’s disease
			Role of τ-protein in Alzheimer’s disease
			Role of α-synuclein protein in Parkinson’s disease
			Role of lewy bodies in neurodegenerative diseases
			Role of Hhuntingtin protein in Huntington’s disease
		Role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases
			Endogenous production of ROS in brain
				Mitochondrial ROS production
				Mitochondrial ROS production
				Monoamine oxidase ROS production
				Monoamine oxidase ROS production
				Nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and reactive nitrogen species
				Nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and reactive nitrogen species
				NADPH oxidase and ROS production
				NADPH oxidase and ROS production
			Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases
		Dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases
			Activity of ubiquitin-proteasome system
			Dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer\'s disease
			Dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson’s disease
			Dysregulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system in Huntington disease
	Genetics of neurodegenerative diseases
		Genetics of Alzheimer\'s disease
			Role of genetics in early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in APP gene (amyloid precursor protein) in (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in APP gene (amyloid precursor protein) in (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in gene PSEN1 (presenilin 1) in (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in gene PSEN1 (presenilin 1) in (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in gene PSEN2 (presenilin 2) in (EO-FAD)
				Role of mutations in gene PSEN2 (presenilin 2) in (EO-FAD)
			Role of genetics in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
				Role of mutation in gene APOE in (LOAD)
				Role of mutation in gene APOE in (LOAD)
		Genetics of Parkinson disease
			Role of mutations in gene LRRK2
			Role of mutations in gene SNCA (PARK1/4)
			Role of mutations in gene DJ1
		Genetics of Huntington’s disease
	Epidemiology of neurodegenerative diseases
		Global prevalence of Parkinson’s disease
		Global prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease
		Global prevalence of Huntington\'s disease
		Age predilection of neurodegenerative diseases
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
2 - Role of caspases, apoptosis and additional factors in pathology of Alzheimer\'s disease
	Introduction
	Amyloid cascade hypothesis in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Evidences in favor of amyloid cascade hypothesis in Alzheimer\'s disease
			Amyloid-beta (Aβ) in brain tissues in Down syndrome and Alzheimer\'s disease
			Mutations in amyloid precursor protein
			Duplication mutation of APP gene
			Mutations in PSEN1 gene
			Mutations in PSEN2 gene
	Role of apoptosis in the neuronal death in Alzheimer\'s disease: a possibility
		In situ detection of DNA fragments in apoptotic cells
		Pattern of neuronal loss in brain in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Upregulation of expression of proapoptotic factors in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of caspases in apoptotic neuronal-death in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Role of caspase-3 in apoptotic neuronal-death in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Caspase-3 and presenilin-1 and 2 in apoptosis
		Caspase-3 and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme in apoptosis
		Caspase-3 and TAR DNA-binding protein-43 in apoptosis
		Caspase-3 and caspase-activated DNase in apoptosis
		Caspase-3 and ρ-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) in apoptosis
		Caspase-3 and mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (MST1) in apoptosis
		Role of caspase-6 in apoptotic neuronal-death in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Activated caspase-6 in amyloidogenesis and apoptosis in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Caspase-6-mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein: possibility of either direct or indirect action
		Caspase-6-mediated formation of amyloidogenic fragment (Capp6.5)
		Caspase-6-mediated cleavage of τ in Alzheimer’s disease
		Caspase-cleaved τ in mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
	Role of synaptic loss in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial TREM2 receptor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial LRP1 receptor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial advanced glycation end-product receptor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial Fc γ receptors in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial CD36 transmembrane protein in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Astrocytic glial α 7 subtype of nAChR (α7nAChRs) in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Astrocytic glial calcium-sensing receptor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglia-τ interaction in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Microglial PU.1 transcription factor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	TLR4 (toll-like receptor)-mediated signaling pathway in Alzheimer\'s disease
		TLR-4 activated MyD88-dependent pathway in microglia
		TLR-4 activated TRIF-dependent pathway in microglia
	Inflammasome-mediated signaling pathways in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Pathway of activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglial cell
		Nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome
		Cathepsin B, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome
		K+ efflux-dependent activation of NLRP3 inflammasome
	Role of P2X purinoreceptors in Alzheimer\'s disease
		Structure of P2X7 receptor
		Activation of P2X7 receptor
	Role of P2X7 receptor in activation of inflammasome in Alzheimer’s disease
	Role of P2X7 purinoreceptor in oxidative stress and Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of upregulated expression of P2X7 receptor in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of P2X7 purinoreceptor and amyloidogenic processing of APP in Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of chronic psychological stress and Alzheimer\'s disease
	Role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Alzheimer\'s disease
		miRNAs in amyloidogenic processing of APP in Alzheimer\'s
		miRNA-200a-3p in neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer\'s disease
		miRNA-137 in regulation of calcium voltage-gated channel subunit α-1 C (CACNA1C) in Alzheimer\'s
		miRNA in cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer\'s
	Conclusion
	References
3 - Role of caspases and apoptosis in Parkinson\'s disease
	Introduction
	Role of caspase 1 in pathology of Parkinson\'s disease
		Caspase-1 mediated truncation of α-synuclein and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\'s disease
		Caspase-1 mediated dopaminergic neuronal death in Parkinson\'s disease
	Role of caspase 3 in pathology of Parkinson\'s disease
		Caspase-3 and parkin protein in Parkinson\'s disease
	Role of caspase 8 in pathology of Parkinson\'s disease
		Activation of caspase 8 in apoptosis
		Caspase 8 as effector in apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease
		Caspase 8 and activation of microglial cells
	Role of apoptosis in Parkinson\'s disease
		Pathways of apoptosis in neuronal death in Parkinson\'s disease
		Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (death receptor)
		Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (mitochondrial pathway)
		Cytosolic localization of cytochrome c
	Role of caspase 2 in the pathology of Parkinson\'s disease
		Caspase-2 and Δtau314 in Parkinson\'s disease
	References
4 - Illustrated etiopathogenesis of Huntington\'s disease
	Introduction
	Structure of Huntingtin
	Ubiquitous nature of Huntingtin
	Mutated huntingtin in Huntington disease
	Pathogenic role of exon 1 HTT protein
	Clinical relevance of length of expanded polyglutamine tract
	Introduction to etiopathogenesis of Huntington\' disease
	Microglia activation in pathology of Huntington\'s disease
		Process of microglia activation
		Autonomous activation of microglia
		Role of phenotypes of microglia in pathology of Huntington\'s disease
			Classically activated microglia
			Alternately activated microglia
		Nuclear factor kappa B mediated microglia activation in Huntington\'s disease
		Kynurenine signaling pathway in microglia activation in Huntington\'s disease
	Role of caspase 2 activation in Huntington disease
	Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and Huntington\'s disease
		Tumor suppressor protein (p53) in mitochondrial dysfunction and Huntington\'s disease
		Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) in mitochondrial dysfunction and Huntington\'s disease
			Mutant huntingtin binding with PGC-1α gene
			Mutant HTT with the dynamin-related protein 1
	Advanced glycation end-products in pathology of Huntington disease
		Introduction
		Brief overview of formation of advanced glycation end-products
		Role of glycation and impaired carbohydrate metabolism in pathology of Huntington\' disease
			Supporting evidences
			Contradictory evidences
		Role of receptors for AGEs in pathology of Huntington\'s disease
	Role of autophagy in pathology of Huntington\'s disease
		Introduction
		Process of autophagosome formation
		ATG8 lipidation in autophagosome formation
		Autophagy and mutant huntingtin
	Ubiquitin proteasome functioning in Huntington\'s disease
	Ubiquitin proteasome functioning is impaired in Huntington disease
		Mutation of UBB gene
		Proteasome sequestration into inclusion bodies
		Role of PARP-1 in pathology of Huntington disease
		Role of inflammasome and caspase 1 activation in Huntington\'s disease
		Role of caspase 6 in Huntington\'s disease
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
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