Human Capital Investment and the Regional Economic Gap in China

Preface
Introduction
Contents
About the Author
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Human Capital Investment and Regional Economic Catching-Up and Surpassing
	1.1 The Uneven Regional Economic Development in China
		1.1.1 Characteristics of China’s Economic Growth
			1.1.1.1 High-Speed Growth
			1.1.1.2 Widening Regional Economic Gaps
		1.1.2 Reasons for Regional Gaps in Economic Growth
			1.1.2.1 Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: An Interpretation Based on Production Factors
			1.1.2.2 Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: An Interpretation Based on Human Capital
			1.1.2.3 Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: Technological Determinism
			1.1.2.4 Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: Institutional Determinism
	1.2 Literature Review and Theoretical Hypothesis
		1.2.1 Studies on Human Capital and Economic Growth: An Overview
			1.2.1.1 The Economic Growth Effect of Human Capital
			1.2.1.2 Reasons for Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: An Overview
		1.2.2 Theoretical Hypothesis of Regional Gaps in Economic Growth: The Theory of Human Capital Gaps
			1.2.2.1 Gaps in Economic Development: A Literature Clue
			1.2.2.2 Theoretical Hypothesis of Regional Gaps in Economic Growth
	1.3 Human Capital Investment and the Possibility of Regional Economic Catching-Up and Surpassing in China
		1.3.1 Regional Factor Structure and Economic Catching-Up and Surpassing
		1.3.2 Human Capital and Economic Catching-Up and Surpassing
			1.3.2.1 Human Capital Upgrading amid Industrial Transformation
			1.3.2.2 Remodeling and Optimizing the Human Capital Structure
		1.3.3 Conditions for Economic Catching-Up and Surpassing of the Western Region
	References
2 Human Capital Investment and Regional Gaps in China: A Comparison
	2.1 Stocks of Human Capital Investment in China’s Eastern, Central, and Western Regions and Regional Gaps
		2.1.1 Average Level of Education
		2.1.2 Input in Public Health and Medical Care
			2.1.2.1 Widening Regional Gaps in Input in Medical Care and Public Health
			2.1.2.2 Widening Regional Gaps in Medical and Health Conditions
			2.1.2.3 Widening Regional Gaps in the Development of the Health Industry
			2.1.2.4 Widening Regional Gaps in Nutrition and Health of Residents
		2.1.3 Input in Science, Technology, and Culture
		2.1.4 Accumulation of Market Experience
	2.2 The Structure of Human Capital Investment and Regional Gaps in China
		2.2.1 The Structure of Human Capital Distribution
			2.2.1.1 The Structure of Human Capital Distribution and Regional Economic Gaps
			2.2.1.2 The Gini Coefficient of Human Capital: Calculation of the Gini Coefficient of Education
		2.2.2 The Hierarchical Structure of Human Capital
	2.3 Conclusions
	References
3 The Relationship Between Human Capital Stocks and Regional Economic Gaps in China
	3.1 The Establishment of the Empirical Model and the Data Source
		3.1.1 The Empirical Model
		3.1.2 The Data Source
			3.1.2.1 The Stocks of Education Human Capital
			3.1.2.2 The Stocks of Health Human Capital
			3.1.2.3 The Stocks of Entrepreneurs’ Human Capital
			3.1.2.4 The Human Capital Stocks Formed Through R&D Input
			3.1.2.5 GDP
	3.2 Human Capital Stocks and Regional Economic Growth: An Empirical Study
		3.2.1 Descriptive Statistics Analysis
		3.2.2 Unit Root Tests
		3.2.3 Cointegration Test
		3.2.4 Model Selection
	3.3 Discussion on the Results of Metrological Analysis
		3.3.1 Regression Results
		3.3.2 The Output Elasticity of Factors and Their Relative Contribution to Economic Growth
			3.3.2.1 The Output Elasticity of Education Human Capital
			3.3.2.2 The Output Elasticity of Health Human Capital
			3.3.2.3 The Output Elasticity of Entrepreneurs’ Human Capital
			3.3.2.4 The Output Elasticity of Human Capital Formed by Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Input
		3.3.3 Regional Differences in the Output Elasticity Coefficients of Factors
4 The Relationship Between Human Capital Structure and Regional Economic Gaps in China
	4.1 The Structure of Human Capital Distribution and Its Relationship with Regional Economic Growth in China
		4.1.1 The Effect Mechanism of Human Capital Distribution Structure on Economic Growth: A Theoretical Framework
			4.1.1.1 The Distribution Structure of Human Capital Influences Economic Growth by Affecting the Structure of Distribution Income
			4.1.1.2 The Distribution Structure of Human Capital Affects the Efficiency of Resource Allocation and the Economic Growth Rate
		4.1.2 The Relationship Between Inequality of Human Capital and Average Stocks of Human Capital
		4.1.3 Human Capital Disequilibrium and Regional Economic Imbalance
		4.1.4 Quantitative Tests of Annual Cross-Sectional Data 1990–2014
	4.2 The Contribution of Different Levels of Education Human Capital Stocks to GDP Growth in China: A Comparison
		4.2.1 The Output Elasticity of the Average Level of Human Capital Stocks (overlineH) and Its Contribution to Output Growth
			4.2.1.1 Model Selection and Explanation
			4.2.1.2 Indicator Selection and Data Processing of the Variables
			4.2.1.3 Measurement Methods and Results
			4.2.1.4 Contribution Rates of Different Factors to GDP Growth
		4.2.2 Contribution Rates of Different Levels of Education Human Capital Stocks to Regional Output Growth
	References
5 The Relationship Between Factors of Economic Growth and Regional Economic Gaps in China
	5.1 Theoretical Framework
	5.2 Indicators of the Eastern, Central, and Western Regions: A Comparison
		5.2.1 Comparison of Regional Real GDP
		5.2.2 Comparison of Regional Fixed Assets Investment
		5.2.3 Comparison of Regional Labor Force
		5.2.4 Comparison of Regional Education Human Capital
		5.2.5 Comparison of Regional Health Human Capital
	5.3 The Empirical Model and Description of Variables and Statistics
		5.3.1 The Empirical Model
		5.3.2 Description of Variables and Statistics
			5.3.2.1 The Explained Variables
			5.3.2.2 The Explanatory Variables
	5.4 Metrological Analysis and Result Discussion
		5.4.1 Metrological Analysis
			5.4.1.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Variables
			5.4.1.2 Unit Root Tests
			5.4.1.3 Cointegration Test
			5.4.1.4 Model Selection
		5.4.2 Discussion of the Metrological Analysis Results
			5.4.2.1 The Output Elasticity of Factors and Its Role in Driving Economic Growth
			5.4.2.2 The Total Factor Productivity Parameter
			5.4.2.3 Regional Economic Gaps
	5.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications
		5.5.1 Conclusions
			5.5.1.1 Policy Implications
	References
6 International Comparison of Human Capital Investment
	6.1 Conditions and Policies of Human Capital Investment in Typical Countries
		6.1.1 Human Capital Investment in the United States
			6.1.1.1 Strategic Management of Human Capital in the US
			6.1.1.2 The R&D Indicator
			6.1.1.3 The Structure of Human Capital
		6.1.2 Human Capital Investment in Germany
			6.1.2.1 Promotion of the National Human Capital Strength Through Constant Optimization and Upgrading of the Human Capital Structure
			6.1.2.2 Human Capital Giving Priority to Education
			6.1.2.3 The R&D Indicator
			6.1.2.4 The German National Spirit and Social Security System
		6.1.3 Human Capital Investment in East Asia
			6.1.3.1 Human Capital Investment in Japan
			6.1.3.2 Human Capital Investment in Singapore
			6.1.3.3 Human Capital Investment in South Korea
	6.2 Takeaways from Human Capital Investment in Foreign Countries on Regional Human Capital Investment in China
		6.2.1 Deepening of Overall Reform in the Education System and Implementation of the Basic Strategy of “Strengthening the Country through Education”
			6.2.1.1 Enlarging Education Investment and Improving Its Efficiency
			6.2.1.2 Optimizing and Upgrading the Education System Reform and Mechanisms and Innovating and Introducing Advanced Philosophy and Models
		6.2.2 Increasing R&D Investment and Enhancing China’s Scientific Research Capacity
		6.2.3 Increasing Human Capital Investment and Optimizing the Human Capital Structure
	References
Bibliography