Human-Automation Interaction Design: Developing a Vehicle Automation Assistant

Cover\nHalf Title\nSeries Page\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nContents\nPreface\nAcknowledgements\nAuthors\nChapter 1 Introduction\n	1.1 Background\n	1.2 Research Motivation\n	1.3 Research Outcomes and Hypotheses\n		1.3.1 Research Outcomes\n		1.3.2 Research Hypotheses\n	1.4 Book Structure\n		1.4.1 Chapter 1—Overview of Book\n		1.4.2 Chapter 2—Automated Vehicles as a Copilot: Setting the Scene for Effective Human–Automation Collaboration\n		1.4.3 Chapter 3—Cognitive Work Analysis to Improve Communication in AV Interactions\n		1.4.4 Chapter 4—Review of Handover Tools and Techniques in High-Risk Shift-Work Domains\n		1.4.5 Chapter 5—Replicating Human–Human Communication in a Vehicle: A Simulation Study\n		1.4.6 Chapter 6—Directability and Eye-Gaze: Exploring Interactions between Vocal Cues and the Use of Visual Displays\n		1.4.7 Chapter 7—Participatory Workshops for Designing Interactions in Automated Vehicles\n		1.4.8 Chapter 8—Designing Automated Vehicle Interactions Using Design with Intent\n		1.4.9 Chapter 9—Validation and Testing of Final Interaction Design Concepts for Automated Vehicles\n		1.4.10 Chapter 10—Conclusions\n	1.5 Contribution of Knowledge\n	1.6 Future Directions\nSection I Scoping the Issues and Solutions that Other Domains Face with Task Continuity\n	Chapter 2 Vehicle Automation as a Copilot: Setting the Scene for Effective Human–Automation Collaboration\n		2.1 Levels of Automation and the Handover\n		2.2 Emergent Issues in Level 3 and 4 Automation\n		2.3 Current State of Handover Assistants\n		2.4 Communication during Automated Driving\n		2.5 Distributed Situation Awareness\n		2.6 Joint Activity\n		2.7 Summarizing Theories\n		2.8 Future Directions\n	Chapter 3 Cognitive Work Analysis to Improve Communication in AV Interactions\n		3.1 What Is Cognitive Work Analysis?\n			3.1.1 Work Domain Analysis\n			3.1.2 Contextual Activity Template\n			3.1.3 Social and Organization Cooperation Analysis\n		3.2 Development of Analysis\n			3.2.1 Participants\n			3.2.2 Abstraction Hierarchy\n			3.2.3 Identifying Physical Components\n			3.2.4 Identifying Purposes and Functions\n			3.2.5 Contextual Activity Template/Social and Organization Cooperation Analysis\n			3.2.6 Development of Analysis\n		3.3 Results\n			3.3.1 Work Domain Analysis\n			3.3.2 Vocal and Audio Communication\n			3.3.3 Physical Inputs\n			3.3.4 Contextual Activity Template\n			3.3.5 Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis\n		3.4 Discussion\n			3.4.1 Future Directions\n	Chapter 4 Review of Handover Tools and Techniques in High-Risk Shift-Work Domains\n		4.1 Introduction\n			4.1.1 The Handover of Control and Responsibility\n			4.1.2 Applying Distributed Situation Awareness to the Handover Task\n			4.1.3 Purpose of the Review\n		4.2 Method\n			4.2.1 Search Methods and Source Selection\n		4.3 Results and Discussion\n			4.3.1 Overview of Handover Tools/Techniques\n			4.3.2 Standardizing Handover Protocol\n			4.3.3 Vocal Communication, Face-to-Face and Bidirectional Exchange of Information (HTTs 2, 5, and 7)\n			4.3.4 Use of Past Information\n			4.3.5 Training Programs\n			4.3.6 Use of Technology\n			4.3.7 Adaptation of Task or Setting\n			4.3.8 Compatible Mental Model\n			4.3.9 Preparation\n			4.3.10 A Contextual Handover\n			4.3.11 Other Handover Tools and Techniques (HTTs 12–19)\n			4.3.12 HTTs and the DSA Guidelines\n		4.4 Conclusion\n			4.4.1 Future Directions\nSection II Pilot Testing These Concepts in Automated Driving\n	Chapter 5 Replicating Human–Human Communication in a Vehicle: A Simulation Study\n		5.1 Introduction\n			5.1.1 Applying Human Communication Theory to Human–Machine Handover\n			5.1.2 Current Study, Aims, and Hypotheses\n		5.2 Method\n			5.2.1 Participants\n			5.2.2 Experimental Conditions\n			5.2.3 Design\n			5.2.4 Apparatus\n			5.2.5 Procedure\n			5.2.6 Method of Analysis\n		5.3 Results\n			5.3.1 ‘Free-Form’ Conditions\n			5.3.2 Use of Open Questioning\n			5.3.3 NASA-TLX, SUS, and SAS\n			5.3.4 Change in Speed following Handover\n			5.3.5 Lateral Velocity following Handover\n			5.3.6 Qualitative Feedback\n		5.4 Discussion\n		5.5 Conclusions\n			5.5.1 Future Directions\n	Chapter 6 Directability and Eye-Gaze: Exploring Interactions between Vocal Cues and the Use of Visual Displays\n		6.1 Introduction\n			6.1.1 Visual Gaze and Automated Driving\n		6.2 Method\n			6.2.1 Participants\n			6.2.2 Design\n			6.2.3 Apparatus\n			6.2.4 Procedure\n			6.2.5 Method of Analysis\n		6.3 Results\n			6.3.1 Handover Process Visual Gaze Durations\n			6.3.2 Demographics and Behavioral Factors\n			6.3.3 Post-Handover (Manual Driving) Visual Gaze Durations\n		6.4 Discussion\n			6.4.1 Conclusions\n			6.4.2 Future Directions\nSection III Designing New Interfaces and Interactions for Automated Vehicle Communication\n	Chapter 7 Participatory Workshops for Designing Interactions in Automated Vehicles\n		7.1 Introduction\n			7.1.1 Driver Skill in C/HAVs\n			7.1.2 Current Study and Research Questions\n		7.2 Method\n			7.2.1 Participants\n			7.2.2 Design\n			7.2.3 Procedure\n			7.2.4 Method of Analysis\n		7.3 Results\n			7.3.1 Learner Handover Design\n			7.3.2 Intermediate Handover Design\n			7.3.3 Advanced Handover Design\n			7.3.4 Handback Designs\n		7.4 Discussion\n			7.4.1 Comparison of Groups’ Handover Designs\n			7.4.2 Changes When Shorter Time Out of the Loop\n			7.4.3 Comparison of Groups’ Handback Designs\n			7.4.4 Relevance to DSA and JA\n			7.4.5 Limitations\n			7.4.6 Conclusion\n			7.4.7 Future Directions\n	Chapter 8 Designing Automated Vehicle Interactions Using Design with Intent\n		8.1 Introduction\n			8.1.1 Introduction to Design with Intent\n			8.1.2 Design with Intent for In-Vehicle Interface Design\n			8.1.3 Current Application\n		8.2 Method\n			8.2.1 Participants\n			8.2.2 Design\n			8.2.3 Materials\n			8.2.4 Procedure\n			8.2.5 Method of Analysis\n		8.3 Results\n			8.3.1 Themes Generated during Divergent Stage\n			8.3.2 Solution Generated for Convergent Stage\n		8.4 Discussion\n			8.4.1 Overview of Findings\n			8.4.2 Applications to Future AVs\n			8.4.3 Relevance to DSA and JA\n			8.4.4 DwI and the Future\n			8.4.5 Conclusion\n			8.4.6 Future Directions\nSection IV Testing and Validating a Novel Prototype\n	Chapter 9 Validation and Testing of Final Interaction Design Concepts for Automated Vehicles\n		9.1 Introduction\n			9.1.1 Summary of Automation Assistants\n			9.1.2 Summary of the Design Process\n			9.1.3 Overview of Final Handover Assistant Design\n			9.1.4 The Development of Steeri\n		9.2 Method\n			9.2.1 Participants\n			9.2.2 Experimental Conditions\n			9.2.3 Design\n			9.2.4 Apparatus\n			9.2.5 Procedure\n			9.2.6 Method of Analysis\n		9.3 Results\n			9.3.1 Vehicle Control Measures\n			9.3.2 Subjective Measures\n		9.4 Discussion\n			9.4.1 Overview of Findings\n			9.4.2 Relevance to Theory\n			9.4.3 Relevance to CWA\n			9.4.4 Relevance to Human–Human Strategies\n			9.4.5 Limitations\n			9.4.6 Conclusion\n	Chapter 10 Conclusions\n		10.1 Introduction\n		10.2 Summary of Findings\n			10.2.1 Research Outcomes\n		10.3 Evaluation of the Research Approach\n		10.4 Implications of Research\n			10.4.1 Notable Practical Contributions\n			10.4.2 Notable Theoretical Contributions\n			10.4.3 Notable Methodological Contributions\n		10.5 Future Work\n			10.5.1 The Balance of Priority and Supplementary Situation Awareness Information\n			10.5.2 Vocal Communication in Real-World Settings\n			10.5.3 Validation of Concept On-Road\n			10.5.4 A Thorough Investigation into How AV Interaction Differs between Nations\n			10.5.5 A Thorough Investigation into Demographic Variables\n			10.5.6 The Role of Gender in Virtual Assistants\n			10.5.7 C/HAV Interaction for Driver Training and Testing\n			10.5.8 The Standardization of AV Technology\n			10.5.9 Applying Concepts to Other Domains\n			10.5.10 Closing Remarks\nAppendix A Cue Cards for Vocal Procedure—Chapter 5\nAppendix B HUD Slides for Final Design Solution\nList of References\nIndex