Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual

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Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Preface to the Instructor
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
Contents
The Human Body: An Orientation
	Exercise 1. The Language of Anatomy
		1 Locating Body Regions
		2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Terminology
		3 Observing Sectioned Specimens
		4 Identifying Organs in the Abdominopelvic Cavity
		5 Locating Abdominopelvic Surface Regions
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 2. Organ Systems Overview
		1 Observing External Structures
		2 Examining the Oral Cavity
		3 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity
		4 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity
		5 Examining the Human Torso Model
		Review Sheet
The Microscope And Its Uses
	Exercise 3. The Microscope
		1 Identifying the Parts of a Microscope
		2 Viewing Objects Through the Microscope
		3 Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope Field
		4 Perceiving Depth
		5 Preparing and Observing a Wet Mount
		Review Sheet
The Cell
	Exercise 4. The Cell: Anatomy and Division
		1 Identifying Parts of a Cell
		2 Identifying Components of a Plasma Membrane
		3 Locating Organelles
		4 Examining the Cell Model
		5 Observing Various Cell Structures
		6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages
		7 “Chenille Stick” Mitosis
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 5. The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability
		1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Agar Gel
		2 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Water
		3 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through Nonliving Membranes
		4 Observing Osmometer Results
		5 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through Living Membranes
		6 Observing the Process of Filtration
		7 Observing Phagocytosis
		Review Sheet
Histology: Basic Tissues Of The Body
	Exercise 6. Classification of Tissues
		1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the Microscope
		2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the Microscope
		3 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the Microscope
		4 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the Microscope
		Review Sheet
The Integumentary System
	Exercise 7. The Integumentary System
		1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model
		2 Identifying Nail Structures
		3 Comparing Hairy and Relatively Hair-Free Skin Microscopically
		4 Differentiating Sebaceous and Sweat Glands Microscopically
		5 Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands
		6 Taking and Identifying Inked Fingerprints
		Review Sheet
The Skeletal System
	Exercise 8. Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages
		1 Examining a Long Bone
		2 Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric Acid on Bones
		3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
		4 Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 9. The Axial Skeleton
		1 Identifying the Bones of the Skull
		Group Challenge Odd Bone Out
		2 Palpating Skull Markings
		3 Examining Spinal Curvatures
		4 Examining Vertebral Structure
		5 Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and Vertebrae
		6 Examining a Fetal Skull
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 10. The Appendicular Skeleton
		1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
		2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limb
		3 Observing Pelvic Articulations
		4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves
		5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
		6 Constructing a Skeleton
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 11. Articulations and Body Movements
		1 Identifying Fibrous Joints
		2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints
		3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure
		4 Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures
		5 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial Joints
		6 Demonstrating Actions at the Hip Joint
		7 Demonstrating Actions at the Knee Joint
		8 Demonstrating Actions at the Shoulder Joint
		9 Examining the Action at the TMJ
		Review Sheet
The Muscular System
	Exercise 12. Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle
		1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy
		2 Observing the Histological Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
		3 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular Junction
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 13. Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
		1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles
		2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk
		3 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb
		4 Identifying Muscles of the Lower Limb
		5 Review of Human Musculature
		6 Making a Muscle Painting
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 14. Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs and Human Subjects
		1 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction
		2 Inducing Contraction in the Frog Gastrocnemius Muscle
		3 Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue in Humans
		4 Electromyography in a Human Subject Using BIOPAC®
		Review Sheet
The Nervous System
	Exercise 15. Histology of Nervous Tissue
		1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron
		2 Studying the Microscopic Structure of Selected Neurons
		3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of a Nerve
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 16. Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Frog Subjects
		1 Stimulating the Nerve
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 17. Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves
		1 Identifying External Brain Structures
		2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures
		3 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves
		Group Challenge Odd (Cranial) Nerve Out
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 18. Electroencephalography
		1 Observing Brain Wave Patterns Using an Oscilloscope or Physiograph
		2 Electroencephalography Using BIOPAC®
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 19. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord
		2 Identifying Spinal Cord Tracts
		3 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and Peripheral Nerves
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 20. The Autonomic Nervous System
		1 Locating the Sympathetic Trunk
		2 Comparing Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effects
		3 Exploring the Galvanic Skin Response (Electrodermal Activity) Within a Polygraph Using BIOPAC®
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 21. Human Reflex Physiology
		1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes
		2 Initiating the Crossed-Extensor Reflex
		3 Initiating the Plantar Reflex
		4 Initiating the Corneal Reflex
		5 Initiating the Gag Reflex
		6 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes
		7 Initiating the Ciliospinal Reflex
		8 Initiating the Salivary Reflex
		9 Testing Reaction Time for Intrinsic and Learned Reflexes
		10 Measuring Reaction Time Using BIOPAC®
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 22. General Sensation
		1 Studying the Structure of Selected Sensory Receptors
		2 Determining the Two-Point Threshold
		3 Testing Tactile Localization
		4 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch Receptors
		5 Demonstrating Adaptation of Temperature Receptors
		6 Demonstrating the Phenomenon of Referred Pain
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 23. Special Senses: Anatomy of the Visual System
		1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures
		2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye
		3 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina
		4 Predicting the Effects of Visual Pathway Lesions
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 24. Special Senses: Visual Tests and Experiments
		1 Demonstrating the Blind Spot
		2 Determining Near Point of Vision
		3 Testing Visual Acuity
		4 Testing for Astigmatism
		5 Testing for Color Blindness
		6 Testing for Depth Perception
		7 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Eye Muscles
		8 Conducting an Ophthalmoscopic Examination
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 25. Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium
		1 Identifying Structures of the Ear
		2 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope (Optional)
		3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the Cochlea
		4 Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing
		5 Audiometry Testing
		6 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the Crista Ampullaris
		7 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 26. Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste
		1 Microscopic Examination of the Olfactory Epithelium
		2 Microscopic Examination of Taste Buds
		3 Stimulating Taste Buds
		4 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell, Texture, and Temperature on Taste
		5 Assessing the Importance of Taste and Olfaction in Odor Identification
		6 Demonstrating Olfactory Adaptation
		Review Sheet
The Endocrine System
	Exercise 27. Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands
		1 Identifying the Endocrine Organs
		2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Endocrine Glands
		Group Challenge Odd Hormone Out
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 28. Endocrine Wet Labs and Human Metabolism
		1 Determining the Effect of Pituitary Hormones on the Ovary
		2 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism
		Group Challenge Thyroid Hormone Case Studies
		Review Sheet
The Circulatory System
	Exercise 29. Blood
		1 Determining the Physical Characteristics of Plasma
		2 Examining the Formed Elements of Blood Microscopically
		3 Conducting a Differential WBC Count
		4 Determining the Hematocrit
		5 Determining Hemoglobin Concentration
		6 Determining Coagulation Time
		7 Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups
		8 Observing Demonstration Slides
		9 Measuring Plasma Cholesterol Concentration
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 30. Anatomy of the Heart
		1 Using the Heart Model to Study Heart Anatomy
		2 Tracing the Path of Blood Through the Heart
		3 Using the Heart Model to Study Cardiac Circulation
		4 Examining Cardiac Muscle Tissue Anatomy
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 31. Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography
		1A Recording ECGs Using a Standard ECG Apparatus
		1B Electrocardiography Using BIOPAC®
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 32. Anatomy of Blood Vessels
		1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Arteries and Veins
		2 Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart or Model
		3 Identifying the Systemic Veins
		4 Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation
		Group Challenge Fix the Blood Trace
		5 Tracing the Pathway of Fetal Blood Flow
		6 Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 33. Human Cardiovascular Physiology: Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations
		1 Auscultating Heart Sounds
		2 Palpating Superficial Pulse Points
		3 Measuring Pulse Using BIOPAC®
		4 Taking an Apical Pulse
		5 Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial Blood Pressure Indirectly
		6 Estimating Venous Pressure
		7 Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
		8 Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and Physical Factors on Skin Color
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 34. Frog Cardiovascular Physiology
		1 Investigating the Automaticity and Rhythmicity of Heart Muscle
		2 Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity
		3 Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Using the Physiograph
		4 Assessing Physical and Chemical Modifiers of Heart Rate
		5 Investigating the Effect of Various Factors on the Microcirculation
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 35. The Lymphatic System and Immune Response
		1 Identifying the Organs of the Lymphatic System
		2 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node, the Spleen, and a Tonsil
		Group Challenge Compare and Contrast Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
		3 Using the Ouchterlony Technique to Identify Antigens
		Review Sheet
The Respiratory System
	Exercise 36. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		1 Identifying Respiratory System Organs
		2 Demonstrating Lung Inflation in a Sheep Pluck
		3 Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and Lung Tissue
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 37. Respiratory System Physiology
		1 Operating the Model Lung
		2 Auscultating Respiratory Sounds
		3 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using Spirometers
		4 Measuring the FVC and FEV1
		5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using BIOPAC®
		6 Visualizing Respiratory Variations
		7 Demonstrating the Reaction Between Carbon Dioxide (in Exhaled Air) and Water
		8 Observing the Operation of Standard Buffers
		9 Exploring the Operation of the Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System
		Review Sheet
The Digestive System
	Exercise 38. Anatomy of the Digestive System
		1 Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs
		2 Studying the Histologic Structure of the Stomach and the Esophagus-Stomach Junction
		3 Observing the Histologic Structure of the Small Intestine
		4 Examining the Histologic Structure of the Large Intestine
		5 Identifying Types of Teeth
		6 Studying Microscopic Tooth Anatomy
		7 Examining Salivary Gland Tissue
		8 Examining the Histology of the Liver
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 39. Digestive System Processes: Chemical and Physical
		1 Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary Amylase
		2 Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin
		3 Demonstrating the Emulsification Action of Bile and Assessing Fat Digestion by Lipase
		4 Reporting Results and Conclusions
		Group Challenge Odd Enzyme Out
		5 Observing Movements and Sounds of the Digestive System
		6 Viewing Segmental and Peristaltic Movements
		Review Sheet
The Urinary System
	Exercise 40. Anatomy of the Urinary System
		1 Identifying Urinary System Organs
		2 Studying Nephron Structure
		3 Studying Bladder Structure
		Group Challenge Urinary System Sequencing
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 41. Urinalysis
		1 Analyzing Urine Samples
		2 Analyzing Urine Sediment Microscopically (Optional)
		Review Sheet
The Reproductive System, Development, And Heredity
	Exercise 42. Anatomy of the Reproductive System
		1 Identifying Male Reproductive Organs
		2 Penis
		3 Seminal Gland
		4 Epididymis
		5 Identifying Female Reproductive Organs
		6 Wall of the Uterus
		7 Uterine Tube
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 43. Physiology of Reproduction: Gametogenesis and the Female Cycles
		1 Identifying Meiotic Phases and Structures
		2 Examining Events of Spermatogenesis
		3 Examining Meiotic Events Microscopically
		4 Examining Oogenesis in the Ovary
		5 Comparing and Contrasting Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis
		6 Observing Histological Changes in the Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 44. Survey of Embryonic Development
		1 Microscopic Study of Sea Urchin Development
		2 Examining the Stages of Human Development
		3 Identifying Fetal Structures
		4 Studying Placental Structure
		Review Sheet
	Exercise 45. Principles of Heredity
		1 Working Out Crosses Involving Dominant and Recessive Genes
		2 Working Out Crosses Involving Incomplete Dominance
		3 Working Out Crosses Involving Sex-Linked Inheritance
		4 Exploring Probability
		5 Using Blood Type to Explore Phenotypes and Genotypes
		6 Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Identify Normal Hemoglobin, Sickle Cell Anemia, and Sickle Cell Trait
		Review Sheet
Surface Anatomy
	Exercise 46. Surface Anatomy Roundup
		1 Palpating Landmarks of the Head
		2 Palpating Landmarks of the Neck
		3 Palpating Landmarks of the Trunk
		4 Palpating Landmarks of the Abdomen
		5 Palpating Landmarks of the Upper Limb
		6 Palpating Landmarks of the Lower Limb
		Review Sheet
Physioex™ 10.0 Computer Simulations
	Exercise 1. Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability
	Exercise 2. Skeletal Muscle Physiology
	Exercise 3. Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses
	Exercise 4. Endocrine System Physiology
	Exercise 5. Cardiovascular Dynamics
	Exercise 6. Cardiovascular Physiology
	Exercise 7. Respiratory System Mechanics
	Exercise 8. Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion
	Exercise 9. Renal System Physiology
	Exercise 10. Acid-Base Balance
	Exercise 11. Blood Analysis
	Exercise 12. Serological Testing
Credits
Index
The Metric System