How’s Life in the Digital Age?

Foreword
Executive Summary
	How’s life in the digital age?
	The digital transformation creates both opportunities and risks for well-being
	Safe digital technologies improve the life of those who have the skills to use them
	Digital opportunities come naturally with broader Internet access, while digital risks are multi-faceted
	Evidence of impacts is sparse and many topics remain contested
Chapter 1.  Understanding how the digital transformation affects people’s well-being
	Introduction
	Mapping the well-being impacts of the digital transformation using the OECD well-being framework
	Assessing the well-being impacts of the digital transformation
	Measuring the well-being impacts of the digital transformation
	Notes
	References
	Database references
Chapter 2.  Evidence on opportunities and risks for well-being in the digital age
	Introduction
	ICT access and usage
		Access to digital infrastructures is a prerequisite to reaping the benefits of digital technologies
		The diversity of Internet uses brings greater benefits to individuals
		There are inequalities of Internet usage even when there is equality in access
	Education and skills
		Students and adults need digital skills to participate in the digital economy and society
		The emergence of a digital skills gap
		Digital resources in classrooms can help prepare students for a digital society and economy
		The adverse effects of digital resources in the classroom may reduce learning outcomes
		Online education and digital learning tools can support lifelong learning and new learning models
	Income and wealth
		Digital skills confer a wage premium
		Online consumption and the sharing economy may increase consumer surplus
	Jobs and earnings
		New jobs in ICT and in other sectors become available
		Digital technologies may destroy jobs at risk of automation
		The digital transformation may lead to job polarisation
		Online job search helps job seekers find employment opportunities
		Workers with computer-based jobs are less subject to job strain
		Jobs in the digital economy may be associated with higher stress in the workplace
	Work-life balance
		Teleworking allows people to save time and combine their work and personal lives
		Constant connection to work may increase worries about work when not working
	Health
		Extreme use of digital technologies may have negative mental health effects
		More effective health-care delivery due to improved communication with service providers
		Digitalisation of health technologies can contribute to better health outcomes
		Health information online can improve patient experiences
	Social connections
		Increased online interactions among friends and social networks
		The Internet may help people overcome loneliness and social exclusion
		Discrimination against minority groups using hate speech
		Cyberbullying and online harassment can negatively impact the social experiences of children
	Governance and civic engagement
		Increased engagement of citizens in civic and political communities
		Changes in information channels and the spread of disinformation may lower people’s trust in others and in the government
		Open data allows for improved transparency and accountability of government
		Digital technologies can improve government service delivery
		Exclusion from digital government services due to lack of skills
	Personal security
		Digital security incidents may compromise people’s online safety and compromise trust
		Individuals are at risk of data privacy violations in various domains
		Blockchain may enhance the safety of transactions and information exchange
	Environmental quality
		Higher energy efficiency and de-materialisation of consumer products can lower energy and resource use
		Digital technologies generate rebound effects that increase energy use
		Increased waste of electronic products
	Housing
		Smart Home Technologies can improve house management
	Subjective well-being
		Internet access is associated with higher life satisfaction
	Notes
	References
	Database references
		Annex 2.A. Internet access and life satisfaction
Chapter 3.  Comparing well-being in the digital age across OECD countries
	Introduction
	Evaluating individual country performance
	Comparing opportunities and risks across countries
	The statistical agenda ahead
		Data gaps
		Improving statistical vehicles
			Using the OECD model survey to improve comparability
			Improving existing surveys with covariates of subjective well-being
			Time use surveys can shed light on the effects of digital technologies
			Collecting more longitudinal data to understand causal effects
			Leveraging innovative technologies to monitor new online trends
	References
		Annex 3.A. Quality assessment of available indicators used in this report
Chapter 4.  Country profiles
	How’s life in the digital age in Australia?
	How’s life in the digital age in Austria?
	How’s life in the digital age in Belgium?
	How’s life in the digital age in Canada?
	How’s life in the digital age in Chile?
	How’s life in the digital age in the Czech Republic?
	How’s life in the digital age in Denmark?
	How’s life in the digital age in Estonia?
	How’s life in the digital age in Finland?
	How’s life in the digital age in France?
	How’s life in the digital age in Germany?
	How’s life in the digital age in Greece?
	How’s life in the digital age in Hungary?
	How’s life in the digital age in Iceland?
	How’s life in the digital age in Ireland?
	How’s life in the digital age in Israel?
	How’s life in the digital age in Italy?
	How’s life in the digital age in Japan?
	How’s life in the digital age in Korea?
	How’s life in the digital age in Latvia?
	How’s life in the digital age in Lithuania?
	How’s life in the digital age in Luxembourg?
	How’s life in the digital age in Mexico?
	How’s life in the digital age in the Netherlands?
	How’s life in the digital age in New Zealand?
	How’s life in the digital age in Norway?
	How’s life in the digital age in Poland?
	How’s life in the digital age in Portugal?
	How’s life in the digital age in Slovakia?
	How’s life in the digital age in Slovenia?
	How’s life in the digital age in Spain?
	How’s life in the digital age in Sweden?
	How’s life in the digital age in Switzerland?
	How’s life in the digital age in Turkey?
	How’s life in the digital age in the United Kingdom?
	How’s life in the digital age in the United States?
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