How to Stop School Rampage Killing: Lessons from Averted Mass Shootings and Bombings

Foreword by Jack Levin
Foreword by Kristina Anderson
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
	Research Questions and Background Information on Averted School Rampage Incidents
	Explaining and Reacting to School Rampage Killing
		School Rampage Killing as a Social Problem
		The Causes of School Rampage Killing
		Averted School Rampage Killing
	Responding to Rampage—Current School Disciplinary and Security Practices
		Zero-Tolerance Disciplinary Policies
		Surveillance Through the Proliferation of School Resource Officers and Security Cameras
		School Security Designed to Prevent Crime Through Environmental Design
		Responding to Rampage—Violence Risk Assessment
		Profiling
		Guided Professional Judgment and Warning Signs
		Automated Decision-Making
		The Threat Assessment Approach
	Understanding School Criminalization and Risk Assessment as Actuarial Justice
	Questions for Discussion
	References
2 Assessing the Substance and Risk of Student Rampage Threats
	Distinguishing Threats, Risks, Plots, and Genuine Aversion
		Examining the Form and Content of Threats in Averted Rampage Violence
		Examining the Levels of Risk in Averted Rampage Violence
		Examining Plots and Planning in Averted Rampage Violence
		Examining the Notion of Aversion in Rampage Violence
	The Assessment of Evidence in Averted Rampage Violence
		Assessing the Plot’s Detail
		Appraising the Role of Weaponry
		Assessing the Role of Personal and Group Characteristics
	Conclusion
	Questions for Discussion
	References
3 Confidence and Doubt in Assessing Averted Rampage Violence
	Variations in Confidence and Doubt by Risk Assessment Type
		Certainty Based on a Convergence of Risk Assessment Criteria
		Certainty Based on Lack of Threat Assessment Criteria
		Certainty Based on Threat Assessment Criteria in Spite of Deviation from Profiles
		Remaining Uncertainty Despite Risk Assessment
	Conclusion
	Questions for Discussion
	References
4 Preventing School Rampage Violence Through Student Bystander Intervention and Positive School Environments
	School Rampage Violence Prevention and the Student Code of Silence
	Perceiving a Diminished Student Code of Silence Since Columbine
	Weakening the Code of Silence Through Positive School Climate
	Breaking the Code of Silence—Interventions Through Leakage
		Indirectly Informed Bystanders
		Directly Informed Confidants
		Threatened Targets
		Involved Co-conspirators
		How Interventions Occurred and Who Was Trusted
	Following the Code of Silence—The Persistence of Bystander Inaction
	Implications of Findings
	Conclusion
	Questions for Discussion
	References
5 Summary of Findings, Policy Implications, and Future Research
	Summary and Implications of Findings
	Other Emergent Areas to Help Prevent and Stop School Rampage Killing
		Access to Firearms in the United States
		Media Coverage of Mass Killing
	Suggested Areas for Future Research
	References
6 Methodological Appendix
	Operationalizing School Rampage and Averted Threat
	Research Design and Sample
	Complications of Relying on the News Media to Build a Sampling Frame
	On Qualitative Methodology
	Generalizability in Qualitative Research
	References
References
Index