How Things Work: The Computer Science Edition

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Author
CHAPTER 1: Computers Are Everywhere
	INTRODUCTION
	MODERN TECHNOLOGY
	OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK
	ORGANIZATION
	FORMATTING CONVENTIONS
CHAPTER 2: A Brief History of Computing
	OVERVIEW
	MAJOR ADVANCES IN COMPUTING
		Abacus—2700–2300 BCE
		Babbage’s Analytical Engine—1834–1871
		The Advent of Software—1840s
		Turing Machines—1930s
		ABC: First Electrical Computer—1930s–1940s
		ENIAC: First Digital Computer—1940s
		The Advent of the Transistor—1940s–1950s
		The First Commercial Computer—1951
		The First Home Computers—1977
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3: Digitization
	OVERVIEW
	WHAT IS DIGITIZATION?
		Keyboard Characters
		Digitized Images
		Digitized Music and Sound
		Other Examples of Digitization
		Data Loss
	ADVANCED TOPIC: OKAY, SO WHAT’S A “BIT”?
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4: What Is a Computer?
	OVERVIEW
	CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
		Hardware
			Motherboard Components
			Peripheral Components
		Software
			System Software
			Application Software
		Networking
	ADVANCED TOPIC: LAYERING
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 5: Internal Hardware Components
	INTRODUCTION
	THE CPU
		The Control Unit
		Registers
		The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
			Arithmetic Operations
			Logic Operations
			Data Transfer Operations
			Other Operations
			Assembler Mnemonics and Opcodes
	MEMORY
	THE BUS
		Internal Bus
		External Bus
	DATA STORAGE
		Hard Drives
		Optical Drives
		Flash Drives
		Solid-state Drives
		Cloud Drives
	INSTRUCTION EXECUTION
	ADVANCED TOPIC: ARITHMETIC SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6: Hardware-External Components
	INTRODUCTION
	INPUT-ONLY DEVICES
		Keyboard
		Mouse
		Image Input
		Audio Input
		Barcode and Quick Response Readers
		Optical Character Recognition
		Speech Recognition
		Biometric Devices
	OUTPUT-ONLY DEVICES
		Screens, Monitors, and Projectors
		Casting
		Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
		Printers
		3D Printers
		Audio and Video Streaming
		Speech Synthesis
	INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
		Touchscreens
		Smart Speakers
		MIDI Devices
	ADVANCED TOPIC: COMPUTER VISION
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 7: Networking: The Art of Communication
	INTRODUCTION
	NETWORK ATTRIBUTES
		Network Scale
			PANs
			LANs
			CANs
			MANs
			WANs
		Network Objectives
			SANs
			EPNs
			VPNs
		Network Access
	NETWORK ORGANIZATION AND INTERNETWORKING
		Intranet
		Extranets
		The Internet
		Darknets
	NETWORK TOPOLOGY
		Bus Network
		Star Network
		Ring Topology
		Mesh Network
		Hybrid Networks
	NETWORK COMPONENTS
		Network Interface Controllers
		Routers
		Hubs
		Switches
		Bridges
		Modems
		Firewalls
	NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
		Physical Transmission Media
			CAT 5 Cable
			Coaxial Cable
			Fiber-Optic Cable
			Ethernet
		Wireless Networks
			Wi-Fi
			Bluetooth
	HOW DO NETWORKS WORK?
		The OSI Model
		The DARPA Network Model
		The TCP/IP Stack
			Data Link Layer
			The IP Layer
			The TCP Layer
			Application Layer
	THE INTERNET
		What’s DNS?
		What’s a URL?
	NETWORKING EXAMPLE
	ADVANCED TOPIC: IoT
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 8: Software: The Elusive Enigma
	INTRODUCTION
	WHAT IS SOFTWARE?
	SOFTWARE LAYERS
		Firmware and BIOS
		Operating System and Utilities
		Application Software
	ADVANCED TOPIC: MICROCODE
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 9: Software: Operating Systems
	INTRODUCTION
	WHAT DOES AN OPERATING SYSTEM DO?
		Process Lifecycle Management
			Invocation
			Execution
			Scheduling
			Context Switching
			Process Suspension
			Kernel Mode vs. User Mode
			Process Termination
			The Idle Process
		Resource and Hardware Management
			Operating System Architecture
			Application Interface
			The Kernel
			Device Drivers
			Software Resources
		Memory Management
		File System Management
			The Abstraction
			The Implementation
		User Interfaces
			User Security
			Process Security
			Data Security
		System Initialization (Booting)
		Security
			User Security
			Process Security
			Data Security
		Common Services and Utilities
			File Explorers
			Disk Administration
			Backup and Restore
			Clipboard
			Network Administration
	EXAMPLE: DISK READ SCENARIO
	ADVANCED TOPIC: TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
		Single-Tasking vs. Multitasking
		Single-User vs. Multi-User
		Real-Time Operating Systems
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10: Software Architecture and Design
	INTRODUCTION
	WHAT IS A COMPUTER APPLICATION?
	WHERE ARE APPLICATIONS USED?
		Business
		Music
		Education
		Health Care
		Military
	THE DESIGN OF SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
	SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
		MVC
			The View
			The Controller
			The Model
		MVC in Practice
			MVC: Single Program
			MVC: Distributed Components
			MVC: Advantages and Disadvantages
	ADVANCED TOPIC: SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11: Software: How It’s Built
	INTRODUCTION
	WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING?
	WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?
		A Brief History of Programming Languages
		Classes of Computer Languages
			Machine Languages
			Assembly Languages
			Imperative vs. Declarative
			Structured Programming Languages
			Object-Oriented Programming Languages
			Miscellaneous Language Categories
	HOW DO PROGRAMS EXECUTE?
		Compilation
		Interpretation
		Comparison of Execution Techniques
	THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE
		Requirements Specification
		Analysis Phase
		Design Phase
			System Architecture
			State Diagrams
			Transition Tables
			Data Architecture Diagrams
			View Adoption
			Buy vs. Build
			Program and Component Design
		System Development Phase
		A Day in the Life of a Programmer
		System Integration Phase
		Functional Testing Phase
		Debugging
		Performance Testing Phase
		Acceptance Testing and Deployment
		Maintenance Cycles
	ADVANCED TOPIC: DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES
		Waterfall Model
		Prototyping
		Agile Methodology
		Software Development Challenges
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 12: Putting It All Together
	INTRODUCTION
		General Comments
		Roman Numerals: A Quick Overview
	PART 1—CONVERTING ROMAN NUMERALS TO INTEGER
		Requirements
		Design
		Code
			Program Listing
			Java Methods
			THe main() Method
			The convertRomanCharToIntegerValue() Method
			The convertRomanStringToInt() Method
		Compile and Execute
	PART 2—INTEGER TO ROMAN
		Requirements
		Analysis
		Design
		Code
			Program Listing
			The main() Method
			The convertIntegerToRomanNumeral() Method
		Compile and Execute
	ADVANCED TOPIC: COMBINED PROGRAM
		Modified Design
		Program Listing
		Compile and Execute
		Additional Program Improvements
	SUMMARY
CHAPTER 13: Security and Privacy
	WHAT DO PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT YOU?
	WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?
		General Concerns
		Monetization of Data
		Data Breaches
		Identity Theft
		Malware
	HOW DO ORGANIZATIONS ACQUIRE DATA?
		Free Services
		Tracking Your Surfing
		Device Fingerprinting
		Social Media
	HOW CAN YOU PROTECT YOURSELF?
		Think Before You Share
		Protect Passwords
		Log Off
		Browsers and Search Engines
		Wi-Fi Networks
		Update Software
		Anti-Malware Software
		Use a VPN
		Verify Invoices and Bills
		Clean Up
		Remain Wary
	ADVANCED TOPIC: THE DARK SIDE
	SUMMARY
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
READING LIST
INDEX