How Mass Atrocities End: Studies from Guatemala, Burundi, Indonesia, the Sudans, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Iraq

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
List of contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
	The wrong story: the limits of ‘‘genocide’’
	Actual mass atrocities endings: six clusters of incidents
		Dynamics of endings
	Four stories of how mass atrocities end
		Perpetrator logic governing atrocity endings
		A story of historical-political change
		A story of atrocity endings and conflict
		The story of international engagement and atrocity endings
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
Guatemala: The persistence of genocidal logic beyond mass killing
	Introduction
	Part One: Patterns of Mass Atrocity Violence
	Part Two: The Context of Guatemala’s Internal Armed Conflict
		Geopolitical Context
		The Lucas García Government and Onset of the Counterinsurgency
		The Limits of Mass Violence
		Toward a More Radical Solution: The Coup D’état
	Part Three: An Analysis of Mass Atrocities in the Guatemalan Case
		Operation Victory 82
		The First Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: From Collective Killing to Population Control
		The Second Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: The Strategic Defeat of the Guerrilla
		The Third Stage of Mass Atrocity Ending: The Political Transition
	Part Four: The Peace Process: The Elusive End to Genocide?
	Part Five: Conclusions
	Works Cited
Burundi: The anatomy of mass violence endgames
	Introduction
	Part One: Background to Ethnic Violence
	Part Two: Mapping Ethnic Violence in Burundi
		1965 Events: Failed plot, counter-coup, and large-scale repression
		1972: Peripheral insurgency followed by state-sponsored pogroms
		1988 Events: Peasants’ uprising followed by army’s reprisals
		1993: Military coup, popular resistance, and army reprisals
		1994-2005: Civil war
		Patterns in endings
	Part Three: Documenting Endings: A Question of Evidence and Indicators
		Ending as a contested terrain
		The language of increase and decrease in violence
		Assessing the damage
		Narratives of return to normalcy
	Part Four: Accounting for the Endgame
		Individual agency
		Limits to the individual agency for change
		The Rwanda factor
		Military stalemate
		Intra-party realignment toward moderation
		External incentives and pressures
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
	Author Interviews
Indonesia: Two similar civil wars; two different endings
	Introduction
	Overview of the data on mass atrocities
		The data on mass atrocities in Papua
		The data on mass atrocities in East Timor
	Endings to mass atrocities during Suharto’s rule
		Papua, 1963-1998
		East Timor, 1974-1999
		Political shifts in the 1980s and 1990s
	Post-Suharto endings to mass atrocities
		Shifts in policy and violence in Papua, 1998-2014
		The ending to mass atrocities in East Timor in 1999
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
Sudan: Patterns of violence and imperfect endings
	Introduction
	Patterns in the Data
	Identity Politics
	The Militia Wars against Southern Sudan
		A Sequel: The Clearance of the Oilfields
	The Jihad in the Nuba Mountains, 1992
		Sequelae
	Blue Nile: A Null Case
	Darfur
	Ending
		Aftermath
	Analysis
	Internecine Killings in Southern Sudan
		Atrocities 1983-91
		The 1991-94 Internecine Killings
		Wars of Peace: Jonglei 2005-13
	Patterns to Mass Atrocity
		Peace Agreements
		International Roles
		Concluding Reflections
	Works Cited
Bosnia-Herzegovina: Endings real and imagined
	Introduction
	Part One: Contextualizing South Slav Endings
	Part Two: How, Where, and When Atrocities Ended in Bosnia-Herzegovina
	Snapshots of Variation
		Prijedor
		Konjic
		Srebrenica
		Zepa
		Sarajevo
	Part Four: Ending the War
	Conclusion
	Works Cited
Iraq: Atrocity as political capital
	Introduction
	Post-2003 Iraq: A State of Division
	Violence in Iraq 2003-2007
	2007: The ‘‘Ending’’ That Wasn’t
		The Surge
	The ‘‘Battle for Baghdad’’ and the ‘‘Awakening’’
		The Ascendancy of the State
	Why Mass Atrocities Have Not Ended
	Conflict Begets Victimhood, Victimhood Begets Conflict
	Works Cited
	Multimedia Sources
	Author Interviews
Index