How Linux Works: What Every Superuser Should Know

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How  Linux  Works:  What  Every  Superuser  Should  Know
Praise  for  the  First  Edition  of  How  Linux  Works
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The  Big  Picture
	1.1  Levels  and  Layers  of  Abstraction  in  a  Linux  System
	1.2  Hardware:  Understanding  Main  Memory
	1.3  The  Kernel
	1.4  User  Space
	1.5  Users
	1.6  Looking  Forward
Chapter 2. Basic  Commands  and  Directory  Hierarchy
	2.1  The  Bourne  Shell:  /bin/sh
	2.2  Using  the  Shell
	2.3  Basic  Commands
	2.4  Navigating  Directories
	2.5  Intermediate  Commands
	2.6  Changing  Your  Password  and  Shell
	2.7  Dot  Files
	2.8  Environment  and  Shell  Variables
	2.9  The  Command  Path
	2.10  Special  Characters
	2.11  Command-Line  Editing
	2.12  Text  Editors
	2.13  Getting  Online  Help
	2.14  Shell  Input  and  Output
	2.15  Understanding  Error  Messages
	2.16  Listing  and  Manipulating  Processes
	2.17  File  Modes  and  Permissions
	2.18  Archiving  and  Compressing  Files
	2.19  Linux  Directory  Hierarchy  Essentials
	2.20  Running  Commands  as  the  Superuser
	2.21  Looking  Forward
Chapter 3. Devices
	3.1  Device  Files
	3.2  The  sysfs  Device  Path
	3.3  dd  and  Devices
	3.4  Device  Name  Summary
	3.5  udev
	3.6  In-Depth:  SCSI  and  the  Linux  Kernel
Chapter 4. Disks  and  Filesystems
	4.1  Partitioning  Disk  Devices
	4.2  Filesystems
	4.3  swap  space
	4.4  Looking  Forward:  Disks  and  User  Space
	4.5  Inside  a  Traditional  Filesystem
Chapter 5. How  the  Linux  Kernel  Boots
	5.1  Startup  Messages
	5.2  Kernel  Initialization  and  Boot  Options
	5.3  Kernel  Parameters
	5.4  Boot  Loaders
	5.5  GRUB  Introduction
	5.6  UEFI  Secure  Boot  Problems
	5.7  Chainloading  Other  Operating  Systems
	5.8  Boot  Loader  Details
Chapter 6. How  User  Space  Starts
	6.1  Introduction  to  init
	6.2  System  V  Runlevels
	6.3  Identifying  Your  init
	6.4  systemd
	6.5  Upstart
	6.6  System  V  init
	6.7  Shutting  Down  Your  System
	6.8  The  Initial  RAM  Filesystem
	6.9  Emergency  Booting  and  Single-User  Mode
Chapter 7. System  Configuration:  Logging,  System  Time,  Batch  Jobs,  and  Users
	7.1  The  Structure  of  /etc
	7.2  System  Logging
	7.3  User  Management  Files
	7.4  getty  and  login
	7.5  Setting  the  Time
	7.6  Scheduling  Recurring  Tasks  with  cron
	7.7  Scheduling  One-Time  Tasks  with  at
	7.8  Understanding  User  IDs  and  User  Switching
	7.9  User  Identification  and  Authentication
	7.10  PAM
	7.11  Looking  Forward
Chapter 8. A  Closer  Look  at  Processes  and  Resource  Utilization
	8.1  Tracking  Processes
	8.2  Finding  Open  Files  with  lsof
	8.3  Tracing  Program  Execution  and  System  Calls
	8.4  Threads
	8.5  Introduction  to  Resource  Monitoring
	8.6  Measuring  CPU  Time
	8.7  Adjusting  Process  Priorities
	8.8  Load  Averages
	8.9  Memory
	8.10  Monitoring  CPU  and  Memory  Performance  with  vmstat
	8.11  I/O  Monitoring
	8.12  Per-Process  Monitoring  with  pidstat
	8.13  Further  Topics
Chapter 9. Understanding  your  Network  and  its  Configuration
	9.1  Network  Basics
	9.2  Network  Layers
	9.3  The  Internet  Layer
	9.4  Routes  and  the  Kernel  Routing  Table
	9.5  Basic  ICMP  and  DNS  Tools
	9.6  The  Physical  Layer  and  Ethernet
	9.7  Understanding  Kernel  Network  Interfaces
	9.8  Introduction  to  Network  Interface  Configuration
	9.9  Boot-Activated  Network  Configuration
	9.10  Problems  with  Manual  and  Boot-Activated  Network  Configuration
	9.11  Network  Configuration  Managers
	9.12  Resolving  Hostnames
	9.13  Localhost
	9.14  The  Transport  Layer:  TCP,  UDP,  and  Services
	9.15  Revisiting  a  Simple  Local  Network
	9.16  Understanding  DHCP
	9.17  Configuring  Linux  as  a  Router
	9.18  Private  Networks
	9.19  Network  Address  Translation  (IP  Masquerading)
	9.20  Routers  and  Linux
	9.21  Firewalls
	9.22  Ethernet,  IP,  and  ARP
	9.23  Wireless  Ethernet
	9.24  Summary
Chapter 10. Network  Applications  and  Services
	10.1  The  Basics  of  Services
	10.2  Network  Servers
	10.3  Secure  Shell  (SSH)
	10.4  The  inetd  and  xinetd  Daemons
	10.5  Diagnostic  Tools
	10.6  Remote  Procedure  Call  (RPC)
	10.7  Network  Security
	10.8  Looking  Forward
	10.9  Sockets:  How  Processes  Communicate  with  the  Network
	10.10  Unix  Domain  Sockets
Chapter 11. Introduction  to  Shell  Scripts
	11.1  Shell  Script  Basics
	11.2  Quoting  and  Literals
	11.3  Special  Variables
	11.4  Exit  Codes
	11.5  Conditionals
	11.6  Loops
	11.7  Command  Substitution
	11.8  Temporary  File  Management
	11.9  Here  Documents
	11.10  Important  Shell  Script  Utilities
	11.11  Subshells
	11.12  Including  Other  Files  in  Scripts
	11.13  Reading  User  Input
	11.14  When  (Not)  to  Use  Shell  Scripts
Chapter 12. Moving  Files  Across  the  Network
	12.1  Quick  Copy
	12.2  rsync
	12.3  Introduction  to  File  Sharing
	12.4  Sharing  Files  with  Samba
	12.5  NFS  Clients
	12.6  Further  Network  File  Service  Options  and  Limitations
Chapter 13. User  Environments
	13.1  Guidelines  for  Creating  Startup  Files
	13.2  When  to  Alter  Startup  Files
	13.3  Shell  Startup  File  Elements
	13.4  Startup  File  Order  and  Examples
	13.5  Default  User  Settings
	13.6  Startup  File  Pitfalls
	13.7  Further  Startup  Topics
Chapter 14. A  Brief  Survey  of  the  Linux  Desktop
	14.1  Desktop  Components
	14.2  A  Closer  Look  at  the  X  Window  System
	14.3  Exploring  X  Clients
	14.4  The  Future  of  X
	14.5  D-Bus
	14.6  Printing
	14.7  Other  Desktop  Topics
Chapter 15. Development  Tools
	15.1  The  C  Compiler
	15.2  make
	15.3  Debuggers
	15.4  Lex  and  Yacc
	15.5  Scripting  Languages
	15.6  Java
	15.7  Looking  Forward:  Compiling  Packages
Chapter 16. Introduction  to  Compiling  Software  From  C  Source  Code
	16.1  Software  Build  Systems
	16.2  Unpacking  C  Source  Packages
	16.3  GNU  Autoconf
	16.4  Installation  Practice
	16.5  Applying  a  Patch
	16.6  Troubleshooting  Compiles  and  Installations
	16.7  Looking  Forward
Chapter 17. Building  on  the  Basics
	17.1  Web  Servers  and  Applications
	17.2  Databases
	17.3  Virtualization
	17.4  Distributed  and  On-Demand  Computing
	17.5  Embedded  Systems
	17.6  Final  Remarks
Appendix A. Bibliography
Index
About  the  Author
Copyright