How Children Develop

About this Book
	Cover Page
	LaunchPad for How Children Develop, Canadian Sixth Edition
	Halftitle Page
	Title Page
	Dedication
	Copyright Page
	About the Authors
	Brief Contents
	Contents
	Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development
	Reasons to Learn About Child Development
		Raising Children
		Choosing Social Policies
		Understanding Human Nature
		Box 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study
	Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development
		Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development
		Social Reform Movements
		Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
	Enduring Themes in Child Development
		1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development?
		2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development?
		3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What Ways Is It Discontinuous?
		4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur?
		5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence Development?
		6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another?
		7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-Being?
		Box 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to Be More Intelligent?
	Methods for Studying Child Development
		The Scientific Method
		Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
		Correlation and Causation
		Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development
		Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
	Prenatal Development
		Box 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings
		Conception
		Box 2.2 Individual Differences: Do Girls Outnumber Boys?
		Developmental Processes
		Early Development
		An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development
		Fetal Experience and Behaviour
		Fetal Learning
	Hazards to Prenatal Development
		Teratogens
		Box 2.3 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
		Maternal Factors
	The Birth Experience
		Diversity of Childbirth Practices
	The Newborn Infant
		State of Arousal
		Negative Outcomes at Birth
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 3 Biology and Behaviour
	Nature and Nurture
		Genetic and Environmental Forces
		1. Parents’ Genotype–Child’s Genotype
		2. Child’s Genotype–Child’s Phenotype
		3. Child’s Environment–Child’s Phenotype
		Box 3.1 Applications: Genetic Testing
		4. Child’s Phenotype–Child’s Environment
		5. Child’s Environment–Child’s Genotype
	Behaviour Genetics
		Quantitative Genetics Research Designs
		Heritability
		Molecular Genetics Research Designs
		Box 3.2 Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted Developmental Disorders
		Environmental Effects
	Brain Development
		The Neuron
		The Cortex
		Box 3.3 A Closer Look: Mapping the Mind
		Developmental Processes
		The Importance of Experience
	The Body: Physical Growth and Development
		Growth and Maturation
		Nutritional Behaviour
		Box 3.4 A Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities
		Vaccines
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 4 Theories of Cognitive Development
	Piaget’s Theory
		View of Children’s Nature
		Central Developmental Issues
		Box 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory
		Piaget’s Legacy
	Information-Processing Theories
		View of Children’s Nature
		Central Developmental Issues
		The Development of Problem Solving
		Box 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing Theories
	Core-Knowledge Theories
		View of Children’s Nature
		Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism
		Box 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories
	Sociocultural Theories
		View of Children’s Nature: Vygotsky’s Theory
		Central Developmental Issues
		Box 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories
	Dynamic-Systems Theories
		View of Children’s Nature
		Central Developmental Issues
		Box 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 5 Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy
	Perception
		Vision
		Box 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception
		Box 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception
		Auditory Perception
		Taste and Smell
		Touch
		Intermodal Perception
	Motor Development
		Reflexes
		Motor Milestones
		Modern Views of Motor Development
		Box 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex”
		The Expanding World of the Infant
		Box 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down”
	Learning and Memory
		Habituation
		Statistical Learning
		Classical Conditioning
		Instrumental Conditioning
		Observational Learning/Imitation
		Rational Learning
		Active Learning
		Memory
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use
	Language Development
		The Components of Language
		What Is Required for Language?
		Box 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One
	The Process of Language Acquisition
		Speech Perception
		Word Segmentation
		Preparation for Production
		First Words
		Box 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic Status
		Box 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning
		Putting Words Together
		Conversational Skills
		Later Development
	Theoretical Issues in Language Development
		Chomsky and the Nativist View
		Box 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures Tell Us About Language
		Ongoing Debates in Language Development
		Box 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders
	Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development
		Using Symbols as Information
		Drawing and Writing
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 7 Conceptual Development
	Understanding Who or What
		Dividing Objects into Categories
		Understanding Oneself and Other People
		Box 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
		Box 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions
		Knowledge of Living Things
	Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many
		Causality
		Box 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy
		Space
		Box 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and Visually Impaired People
		Time
		Number
		Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
	What Is Intelligence?
		Intelligence as a Single Trait
		Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities
		Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes
		A Proposed Resolution
	Measuring Intelligence
		The Contents of Intelligence Tests
		The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
		Continuity of IQ Scores
	IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes
		Other Predictors of Success
	Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence
		Qualities of the Child
		Influence of the Immediate Environment
		Influence of Society
		Box 8.1 Applications: Highly Successful Early Interventions: Better Beginnings, Better Futures (BBBF) and the Carolina Abecedarian Project
	Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence
		Gardner’s Theory
		Sternberg’s Theory
	Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics
		Reading
		Box 8.2 Individual Differences: Dyslexia
		Writing
		Mathematics
		Box 8.3 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development
	Psychoanalytic Theories
		Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
		Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
		Current Perspectives
	Learning Theories
		Watson’s Behaviourism
		Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
		Social-Learning Theory
		Box 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo
		Current Perspectives
	Theories of Social Cognition
		Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking
		Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving
		Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation
		Current Perspectives
		Box 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience
	Ecological Theories
		Ethological and Evolutionary Theories
		The Bioecological Model
		Box 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Current Perspectives
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 10 Emotional Development
	The Development of Emotions
		Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion
		The Emergence of Emotions
		Box 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants
	Understanding Emotions
		Identifying the Emotions of Others
		Box 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence
		Understanding Real and False Emotions
	Emotion Regulation
		The Development of Emotion Regulation
		The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment
	The Role of Family in Emotional Development
		Parents’ Expression of Emotion
		Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses
	Temperament
		Measuring Temperament
		Determinants of Temperament
		How Temperament Fits with Environment
	Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders
		Stress
		Box 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences
		Internalizing Mental Disorders
		Box 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self
	The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship
		Attachment Theory
		Measurement of Attachment Security
		Box 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere With Attachment?
		Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles
		Box 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment
		Attachment and Social-Emotional Development
	The Self
		Self-Concept
		Box 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among Autistic Children
		Self-Esteem
		Box 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem?
		Identity
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 12 The Family
	Family Structure
		Changes in Family Structure in Canada
		Box 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents
		Same-Sex Parents
		Divorced Parents
		Stepparents
	Family Dynamics
		Parenting
		Box 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children?
		Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children
		The Child’s Influence on Parenting
		Sibling Relationships
	Child Maltreatment
		Risks for Maltreatment
		Consequences of Maltreatment
		Box 12.3 Applications: Preventing Child Maltreatment
	Family Socioeconomic Context
		Cultural Contexts
		Economic Contexts
		Box 12.4 A Closer Look: Homelessness
		Parents’ Work Contexts
		Box 12.5 Applications: Family-Leave Policies
		Childcare Contexts
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 13 Peer Relationships
	Play
		Box 13.1 Individual Differences: The Development of Children’s Social Play
	Friendships
		Children’s Choice of Friends
		Box 13.2 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience
		Developmental Changes in Friendship
		The Role of Technology in Friendships
		Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behaviour
		Box 13.3 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying
		Gender Differences in the Functions of Friendships
	Status in the Peer Group
		Measurement of Peer Status
		Box 13.4 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance
		Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status
	The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships
		Box 13.5 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships
		Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers
		Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 14 Moral Development
	Moral Judgment
		Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
		Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
		Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
		The Development of Conscience
	Prosocial Behaviour
		The Development of Prosocial Behaviour
		The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
		Box 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial Tendencies
		Box 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial Behaviour
	Antisocial Behaviour
		The Development of Antisocial Behaviours
		Box 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
		The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour
		Interventions for Aggressive and Antisocial Children
		Box 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 15 Gender Development
	Sex and Gender
		Box 15.1 A Closer Look: Challenges to the Gender Binary
		Comparisons of Girls and Boys
	Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development
		Biological Influences
		Cognitive and Motivational Influences
		Box 15.2 Applications: Where are Spongesally Squarepants and Curious Jane?
		Cultural Influences
	Milestones in Gender Development
		Infancy and Toddlerhood
		Preschool Years
		Middle Childhood
		Adolescence
	Patterns of Gender Development
		Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence
		Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement
		Interpersonal Goals and Communication
		Aggressive Behaviour
		Box 15.3 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Key Terms
		Answers to Test Yourself
Chapter 16 Conclusions
	Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time
		Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth
		Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture
		Timing Matters
		Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once
		Everything Influences Everything
	Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development
		Self-Initiated Activity
		Active Interpretation of Experience
		Self-Regulation
		Eliciting Reactions from Other People
	Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous
		Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences
		Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages
	Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change
		Biological Change Mechanisms
		Behavioural Change Mechanisms
		Cognitive Change Mechanisms
		Change Mechanisms Work Together
	Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development
		Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values
		Growing Up in Different Times and Places
		Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society
	Theme 6: Individual Differences
		Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time
		Stability Over Time
		Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions
		Determinants of Individual Differences
	Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives
		Implications for Parenting
		Implications for Education
		Implications for Helping Children at Risk
		Improving Social Policy
	Chapter Summary
		Test Yourself
		Critical Thinking Questions
		Answers to Test Yourself
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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