Housing in America

Cover
Endorsements
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Unique Qualities of Housing
	Levels of Influence
		Housing Influence on the Personal Level
		Housing Influence on the Community Level
		Housing Influence on the National Level
	Unique Characteristics of Housing
		Housing Is More Than a Product
		Housing Is Heterogeneous
		Housing Is the Largest Household Purchase
		Financial and Emotional Costs of Moving Can Be High
		Housing Is Durable and Appreciates Over Time
		Housing Is Shaped by Cultural Norms and Institutional Practices
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Notes
	References
2. Housing and Culture
	What Is Culture?
	America\'s Flawed Foundation
	Cultural Preference for Homeownership
	House and Household Size
	Dominance of the Single-Family House
	Use of the Home Space
	Culturally Based Housing Design
	Life Cycle and Housing
	Leaving Home
	Nuclear Family
	Multigenerational Households
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
3. Framing Housing: Disciplinary Approaches and Ideologies
	Disciplinary Approaches
		Economics and Housing
		Sociology and Housing
		Philosophy and Housing
		Urban Planning and Housing
	Political Ideologies
		Conservatives and Housing
		Liberals and Housing
		Radicals and Housing
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Notes
	References
4. History of Federal Involvement in Housing
	Part One 1900-1950s
		Early Years
		A Different Type of Crisis
		A National Commitment That Legitimizes Multiple Federal Roles
	Part Two 1960-2020s
		Urban Crisis
		Increased Local Control and a Leaning Toward Demand-Side Funding
		New Challenges from Recurring Economic Woes
		Revisiting the First Wave of Responses
		Foreclosure Crisis
		Financialization of Housing
		COVID-19 Pandemic and Housing Stability
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Note
	References
5. Housing and Discrimination
	Terminology
	Part One
		History of Housing Discrimination
		Impacts of Redlining
	Alleviating the Problem
		Shelley v. Kraemer, 1948
		The Civil Rights Act, 1968
		Community Reinvestment Act, 1977
	Violence and Intimidation
	Housing Discrimination in Recent Years
		Ethnic and Racial Discrimination
	Local Policy and Housing Discrimination
		Same-Sex Couples and Single Parents
		Women
		Disabled and Elderly Persons
	The New Discrimination
	Part Two
		Segregation
	Causes
		State Actions
		Market Actions
		Race and Social Action
	Consequences of Segregation
	Source of Income Discrimination
	Disparate Impact
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Notes
	References
6. Housing Needs, Affordability, and Federal Responses
	Defining Housing Needs
		Adequacy of Housing
		Accessibility of Housing
		Affordability
	Critiques of the Legislated Housing Need Measure
	Application of HUD Measure: Who Has Affordability Needs?
	Federal Responses to Housing Needs
		Tax Expenditures
		Direct Expenditures HUD Programs
	Housing Choice Voucher Program
		Public Housing
		Other Unit-Based Subsidies
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Notes
	References
7. Housing and Opportunity
	Housing and Public Health
		Nutritional Opportunities
		Access to Open Space
		Health and Development Patterns
		Crime Victimization and Exposure
		Cost of Housing and Health
		Access to Reproductive Health Facilities
	Health Care Access and the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Housing and Education
		Education and Affordable Housing
	Questions on the Geography of Opportunity
	Framing Matters: Poverty Versus Affluence
	Conclusion
	Question and Activities
	References
8. Housing and the Economy
	The Housing Market
	Housing Demand
	Housing Supply
	Housing and Regulations
	Housing Filtering
	Gentrification
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	Notes
	References
9. Public Housing
	Profile of Public Housing Today
	The History of Public Housing
		Financial Challenges
		Design Challenges
		Blaming the Victim
	The New Philosophy of Public Housing Today
	Rental Assistance Demonstration
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
10. State and Local Housing Initiatives
	States
		Planning Mechanisms
		Funding Mechanisms
		Regulatory Mechanisms
	Municipalities
		Planning Mechanisms
		Funding Mechanisms
		Regulatory Mechanisms
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
11. Rental Housing in America
	Who Are Renter Households?
	Types of Structures Renters Occupy
	Private Rental Housing Dynamics
	Types of Owners
	Enforcing Standards for Residential Rental Property
	Tenant Screening
	Evictions
	Legal Representation in Evictions
	Just Cause Evictions
	Sealing Non-action Filings
	Eviction Diversion Programs
	COVID-19 Pandemic and Rental Housing
	Tenant Organizing
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
12. People Experiencing Homelessness
	Why Are People Homeless?
	Homelessness and Deinstitutionalization
	Aging Out of Foster Care
	Veterans and Homelessness
	Homelessness and Domestic Violence
	The Criminalization of Homelessness
	Attaining and Sustaining a Home
	New Solutions for Homelessness
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
13. Community Development Corporations
	History
	Characteristics and Activities
		Housing Examples
		Other CDC Activities
	Asset-Based Community Development
	Intermediaries
	Funding
	Tensions within and Critiques of the CDC Model
		Activists or Technocrats
		Funders Set Priorities
		Staffing Challenges
		Working at the Margins
		Support for the Status Quo
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
14. Housing, Sustainability, and Climate Change
	Residential Land Use and Climate Change
		The Impacts of Urban Sprawl
		Smart Growth to Sustainable Development
		Open Space Residential Design
		Residential Building Design, Materials, and Systems
			LEED Certification
			Net Zero Energy Building
			Passive Houses
		Green Affordable Housing
			Green Retrofitting
			Challenges
	Inequitable Impacts of Climate Change
	Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
15. Conclusion
	Questions and Activities
	References
Index