Homelessness to Hope: Research, Policy and Global Perspectives

Front Cover
Homelessness to Hope
Homelessness to Hope: Research, Policy and Global Perspectives
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 -
Introduction
	1 - Home, homeless, and homelessness
		1. Introduction
		2. Significance of addressing homelessness and global scenario
			2.1 Examination of global initiatives and policies to address homelessness
				2.1.1 United Nations housing policies and SDG 11: “Sustainable Cities and Communities”
					2.1.1.1 United Nations housing policies and SDG 11: “Sustainable Cities and Communities”—indicator 11.1.1 in relation to homelessness
				2.1.2 UN Guidelines for the implementation of the right to adequate housing
		3. Indian scenario of home, homeless, and homelessness
			3.1 Census of India
			3.2 Indian government policies
			3.3 Examination of Indian government initiatives and policies to address homelessness
		4. Challenges and opportunities in addressing homelessness
			4.1 Housing and land rights
			4.2 Climate migration and homelessness
		5. Conclusion
		AI Disclosure
		References
		Further reading
	2 - Conceptualizing homelessness in context to global south
		1. Introduction: Conceptualizing “homelessness”
		2. Complex factors associated with “homelessness” in global south
			2.1 Climate change, recurring hazards, and vulnerability: the climatic refugees
				2.1.1 African context
				2.1.2 Asia and Pacific context
				2.1.3 Latin American context
			2.2 Chronicles of poverty and challenges for affordable public housing
				2.2.1 “Homelessness” in South Asia
					2.2.1.1 Indian scenario
					2.2.1.2 Scenario of Bangladesh
					2.2.1.3 Scenario of Pakistan
				2.2.2 “Homelessness” in Southeast Asia
				2.2.3 “Homelessness” in Africa
					2.2.3.1 South African scenario
		3. Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
2 -
Rural urban homelessness and socioecological drivers
	3 - Urbanization, poverty, and homelessness in Zambian cities: A threat to the achievement of sustainable developme ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Limitations of the study
		3. Materials and methods
		4. Rationale of the study
			4.1 Urbanization as a global phenomenon
			4.2 Demographic trends in the urbanization process
			4.3 Homelessness as a human and global challenge
			4.4 Urbanization, poverty, homelessness, and SDGs
		5. Urbanization, poverty, and homelessness in Zambia
			5.1 Status of Zambian cities and population growth trends
			5.2 Urbanization and poverty
			5.3 Housing informality and service delivery challenges
			5.4 Vulnerability to effects of climate change
		6. Government strategies for sustainable urbanization and housing
			6.1 Public health and social welfare equality
			6.2 Economic growth and energy consumption
			6.3 Natural resource use and ecological/environmental impacts
			6.4 International cooperation for development
		7. Recommendations
		8. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments (if any)
		References
	4 - Strengthening rural–urban linkage through growth center to reduce homelessness
		1. Introduction
		2. Methodology
			2.1 Theoretical framework
			2.2 Study area profile
			2.3 Habitational background of Mundumala Hat
			2.4 Natural resource of the study area
			2.5 Focus group Selection
			2.6 Selection of the survey method
		3. Analysis and discussion
			3.1 Agricultural aspect on Mundumala Hat
			3.2 Effect of rural–urban linkage on Mundumala Hat
				3.2.1 Frequency of visit in different places
				3.2.2 Mode of communication
			3.3 Availability of service and opportunities surround Mundumala Hat
			3.4 Available services
			3.5 Changes in road network facilities over the period
			3.6 Effect of growth center on household
			3.7 Agriculture development
			3.8 Household development
			3.9 Education development
			3.10 Satisfaction
			3.11 Effect of Mundumala Hat
			3.12 Causes behind the development
				3.12.1 Effect of the development
				3.12.2 Effects on homelessness
		4. Findings and recommendations
		5. Conclusion
		References
	5 - Migrants and homelessness: Life on the streets in urban India
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Migration and homelessness
			1.2 Factors leading to urban migration
			1.3 Magnitude of homelessness
			1.4 Literary approach and research gaps
		2. Recent trends in migration
			2.1 Case studies: Successful interventions and best practices
				2.1.1 Tamil Nadu: “Amma Unavagam” (mother's kitchen)
				2.1.2 Rajiv Awas Yojana
				2.1.3 Karnataka: “Basava Vasati Yojana”
		3. Methodology
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 Dealing with informality
			4.2 Ensuring migrant workers' access to justice
			4.3 Establishing unorganized workers' social security boards for protection and welfares
			4.4 Safe living and working environment
			4.5 Supporting worker organizations and collectivization
			4.6 The role of significant players and the policy framework
			4.7 Managing stressed migration through rural development
			4.8 Strengthening state-level labor departments to address migrant worker issues
			4.9 Including migrants in India's urban policy formulation
			4.10 Foster social dialog to formulate policies and programs
			4.11 Facilitation centers for migrant workers
			4.12 Skilling and education for migrants
			4.13 Purposeful enumeration in capturing heterogeneous living arrangements
			4.14 Priority for funding internal labor migration
		5. Internal migration—the push and pull factors
		6. Migrant's life in urban India
			6.1 Government policies and interventions
				6.1.1 National policies
				6.1.2 State-level policies
				6.1.3 Effectiveness and gaps in policy implementation
		7. Recommendations and way forward
		8. Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
	6 - Impact of flood vulnerability on livelihood, health, and homelessness: A case study of flood-affected blocks in ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Study area
		3. Objectives of the present study
		4. Materials and methods
		5. Shilai river and drainage system characteristics of lower Shilai watershed
		6. Reasons for flooding in the lower reaches of Shilai river
			6.1 Natural causes identified for flood
			6.2 Anthropogenic reasons of flood
		7. Downstream effects of Shilai pick-up barrage on rivers of lower Shilai watershed
		8. The extent of flood damage in lower reaches of Shilai river
		9. Impact assessment of Shilai river flood
			9.1 Impact on homelessness
			9.2 Impact on human health
			9.3 Impact on livelihood attributes
		10. The multidimensional impact of flood in the lower reaches of Shilai river
		11. Livelihood status of the surveyed households
			11.1 Measurement of multidimensional poverty index
			11.2 Identification of human development index of the flood affected population
		12. Resilience strategies: Pre-flood preparedness and post-flood relief and rehabilitation
		13. Conclusion
		References
	7 - Climate-change induced out-migration and resultant women empowerment: Glimpses of resilience from Indian Sundarbans
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Migrants, migration, and homelessness/unhoming: Setting up the context
				1.1.1 Unhoming or homelessness
				1.1.2 Migration as a tool: Ecological refugees of Sundarbans
				1.1.3 Role of remittance vis-à-vis labor of left behind women
		2. Research question
		3. Study area
		4. Objectives
		5. Materials and methods
		6. Result and discussion
			6.1 Demography of migrant laborers
			6.2 State of affairs of left behind women of migrant households
		7. Conclusion
		References
	8 - Comparing rural and urban homelessness in the context of environmental vulnerability in India's hill states
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Homelessness in hilly regions
			1.2 Overview Himalayan hill states of India
		2. Overview of homelessness in rural and urban areas
		3. Factors contributing to homelessness in hill states
		4. Homelessness trends and patterns in the Himalayan hill states
			4.1 Urban homelessness
				4.1.1 Increase in urban homelessness
				4.1.2 Decline in urban homelessness
			4.2 Rural homelessness
				4.2.1 Decline in rural homelessness
				4.2.2 Increase in rural homelessness
			4.3 Comparative analysis of rural and urban homelessness
			4.4 Factors contributing to homelessness in environmentally fragile hill states
				4.4.1 Rural–urban migration
				4.4.2 Displacement due to development
				4.4.3 Economic downturn
				4.4.4 Environmental degradation
				4.4.5 Tourism
				4.4.6 Environmental hazards
			4.5 Impact of challenges faced by homeless individuals and families
			4.6 Importance of support services in addressing homelessness
		5. Discussion
			5.1 Comparison of housing adequacy parameters
			5.2 Homelessness in urban, rural, and hill areas: Differences and similarities
		6. Conclusion
		References
	9 - The price of a roof: How rental stress is fueling hidden homelessness in Khulna City, Bangladesh
		1. Introduction
		2. (Re)conceptualizing hidden homelessness for Bangladesh
		3. Methodology
			3.1 Study area and data collection
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 Factor analysis
			4.2 Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression
			4.3 Two-step cluster analysis
				4.3.1 Cluster profiles of house rent
				4.3.2 Cluster profiles of the socioeconomic characteristics
			4.4 Relationship between house rent and the characteristics of different socioeconomic groups
				4.4.1 Correspondence analysis
				4.4.2 Row and column profiles
		5. Discussion
		6. Conclusion
		References
	10 - Urbanization, homelessness, and climate change: Urban resilience challenges in Indonesia
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and methods
		3. Results and discussion
			3.1 The existing condition of cities in Indonesia: An overview from DKI Jakarta and Bandung City, Indonesia
			3.2 Urbanization, homelessness, and climate change: Impacts in DKI Jakarta and Bandung City, Indonesia
			3.3 Social vulnerability, homelessness, and the right to housing in Indonesia: An evaluation
		4. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	11 - Contextualizing the drivers of homelessness among women in Kolkata megacity: An exploratory study
		1. Introduction
		2. Methodology
			2.1 Study area
				2.1.1 Study setting, sampling, and participants
			2.2 Data collection procedure
			2.3 Data analysis
				2.3.1 Ethical considerations
		3. Results
			3.1 Background characteristics of the study participants
			3.2 Predictors of homelessness
				3.2.1 Interpersonal factors
					3.2.1.1 Marriage
					3.2.1.2 Family dissolution
					3.2.1.3 Experience with spousal and domestic violence
					3.2.1.4 Mental and physical abnormality and abuse
				3.2.2 Environmental risk factors of homelessness
					3.2.2.1 Climatic catastrophes
					3.2.2.2 Unregulated mining and land collapse
					3.2.2.3 River bank erosion
				3.2.3 Economic aspects
					3.2.3.1 Occupational and economic deprivation
					3.2.3.2 Minimizing living costs and maximizing remittances
				3.2.4 Structural elements
					3.2.4.1 Intergenerational homelessness
					3.2.4.2 Inadequate capacity and poor functionality of the homeless shelters
					3.2.4.3 Gender-exclusive work site shelters
		4. Discussions
		5. Strengths and limitations
		6. Conclusion
		References
	12 - Distress in ecological drivers and its impact on homelessness: Case study of Sagar Island
		1. Introduction
		2. Identification of study area
			2.1 Location
			2.2 Baseline details of Sagar Island
			2.3 Connectivity
		3. Methodology
		4. Result and discussion
		5. Conclusion
		References
3 -
Homelessness and social stress
	13 - Surviving the streets: An unequal battle for homeless women
		1. Introduction
		2. Methods and materials
			2.1 Limitations
		3. Results and discussion
			3.1 Gendering homelessness
			3.2 Intersectional identity
			3.3 Surviving the streets
				3.3.1 Accessing public services
				3.3.2 The invisibles
				3.3.3 Accessing food: Battling hunger on the streets
				3.3.4 Accessing shelter home: The gender barrier
			3.4 Accessing employment: Occupational segregation
			3.5 The violence and homeless women
		4. Conclusion and recommendations: Achieving gender equality in the streets
			4.1 Moving away from linear model
			4.2 From sectoral to comprehensive approach
			4.3 Gender blind to gender responsive
		5. Future research
		References
	14 - A portrait of poverty in the street of Jakarta, Indonesia: Manusia Karung “Sack People”and their deceptive pat ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Rationale of the study
		3. Limitations of the study
		4. Materials and methods
		5. Results and discussion
			5.1 The surge of Sack People during the “Friday Blessings”
			5.2 Factors contributing to becoming the Sack People
			5.3 Localization and characteristics of the Sack People in Jakarta
			5.4 The sack: A symbol of need and a magnet for compassions
		6. Challenges and solutions
		7. Recommendations
		8. Conclusions
		References
	15 - Effects of homelessness on quality of life and health
		1. Introduction
		2. Materials and methods
			2.1 Research philosophy
			2.2 Research design
			2.3 Research approach
			2.4 Data collection
			2.5 Data analysis
			2.6 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
				2.6.1 Inclusion criteria
				2.6.2 Exclusion criteria
			2.7 Ethical considerations
		3. Results and discussion
			3.1 Results
				3.1.1 Theme 1: Physical and mental effects of homelessness
				3.1.2 Theme 2: Impact of homelessness on quality of life
				3.1.3 Theme 3: Influencing factors for homeless people
					3.1.3.1 Increased population and lack of financial capability to afford housing
					3.1.3.2 Unemployment and financial risk
					3.1.3.3 Mental illness and lack of access to essential facilities
				3.1.4 Theme 4: Social effects of homelessness
				3.1.5 Theme 5: Governmental initiatives for preventing homelessness
			3.2 Discussion
		4. Limitations of the study
		5. Recommendations
		6. Conclusions
		References
	16 - The quality of life pathways linking homelessness to health: A case of Bangladesh
		1. Introduction
		2. Defining key concepts
			2.1 Homelessness
			2.2 Quality of life
			2.3 Health
		3. Theoretical framework
			3.1 Homelessness and health
				3.1.1 Homelessness and physical health
				3.1.2 Homelessness and mental health
				3.1.3 Homelessness and social health
		4. Pathways of homelessness to health
			4.1 Socioeconomic insecurity
			4.2 Deprivation and malnutrition
			4.3 Physical and social unsafety
			4.4 Sleeplessness
			4.5 Social stress
			4.6 Unhealthy lifestyle
		5. Limitations and implications
			5.1 Limitations
			5.2 Implications
		6. Conclusions
		References
4 -
Homelessness, governancy policy and sustainable solution
	17 - Exploring the model of Urban Innovation District as a solution for housing need in Neoliberal era: Case of Amr ...
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Emerging housing need in Neoliberal period
			1.2 Nested approach for innovation district for emerging housing need
			1.3 Process of knowledge-based development
			1.4 Growth trajectory of housing policies in India
		2. Research methodology
			2.1 Research need in the Indian context
			2.2 Aim, research questions, and objectives
		3. Literature review
			3.1 Key factors and approaches for an innovation district
			3.2 Global approaches to innovation
			3.3 Case studies from global context: Boston, Detroit, and St. Louis
				3.3.1 Boston Innovation District: Creating clusters of Innovation
				3.3.2 Detroit Innovation District: Reviving the economy through innovation-cluster with impetus on housing development
				3.3.3 St. Louis innovation district: Boosting knowledge ties with housing provisions
			3.4 Collating the characteristics of innovation districts
			3.5 Critical issues in the model approaches
		4. Potential of Amravati as innovation district
			4.1 Political realization of ID from masterplan 2050
			4.2 Housing provisions in impetus to masterplan Amravati, 2050
			4.3 Business environment in Amravati
			4.4 Overview of startup ecosystem in Amravati: Potentials
			4.5 Potential of human capital and academic institutions for Amravati
			4.6 ICT masterplan of Amravati
				4.6.1 Broadband penetration and number of mobiles
		5. Conclusion
		References
	18 - Urbanization as a remedy for homelessness: An analysis of the positive effect of peri-urban development
		1. Introduction
		2. Limitations of the study
		3. Methodology
			3.1 Study area profile
			3.2 Data collection
			3.3 Statistical analysis
			3.4 Multicriteria decision-making technique
		4. Result and discussion
			4.1 Demographic condition
				4.1.1 Income
			4.2 Land value
			4.3 Housing conditions
				4.3.1 Housing material
				4.3.2 Ownership of house
				4.3.3 House renovating years
				4.3.4 Road width in front of house
			4.4 Socio-economic facilities
				4.4.1 Education
					4.4.1.1 Waste disposal
			4.5 Transportation facilities
				4.5.1 Vehicle availability
				4.5.2 Travel time & travel frequency
			4.6 Correlation between factors
			4.7 Analytical hierarchy process
		5. Findings and recommendations
		6. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	19 - Meta-analysis of housing policy in India (1990–2022)
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Rationale of the raised agenda: housing for all
		2. Materials and methods
			2.1 Data
			2.2 Methodology
		3. Results and discussion
			3.1 Prelude discussion on “housing policy”
			3.2 Housing policy in India: A heterogeneity test
			3.3 Meta-analysis: testing dissimilarity and precision
			3.4 Meta-regression of Indian housing policy
		4. Limitations of the study
		5. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	20 - Homelessness in the context of extreme poverty: Social policy from Indonesia
		1. Introduction
		2. The rationale of the study
		3. Materials and methods
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 Homelessness in developing countries
			4.2 Conventional handling of homelessness
				4.2.1 Repressive approach to homelessness
				4.2.2 Rehabilitative approach to homelessness
				4.2.3 Preventive approach to homelessness
			4.3 Multidimensional and extreme poverty
			4.4 Extreme poverty in Indonesia
			4.5 Solutions from Indonesia for integrated approach to ending homelessness and extreme poverty
		5. Limitations of the study
		6. Recommendations
		7. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	21 - Housing intervention for people who are homeless in Indonesia: Combining institutional and community-based app ...
		1. Introduction
		2. The rationale of the study
			2.1 Institution-based approach
			2.2 Community-based approach
			2.3 Housing: A mix of community and institutional-based
		3. Materials and methods
			3.1 Population and sample
			3.2 Data collection
			3.3 Data processing and analysis
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 The condition of the homeless in Indonesia
			4.2 Critical perspectives on intervention
			4.3 Housing program for the homeless
			4.4 Social assistance by social workers
		5. Limitations of the study
		6. Recommendations
		7. Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	22 - Government policy transformation toward a reformed rental housing ecosystem as a mitigator of homelessness in  ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Literature review
			2.1 Overview of homelessness in India
				2.1.1 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on homelessness
				2.1.2 Migrant workers and homelessness
			2.2 Overview of the Indian rental housing policies and practices
				2.2.1 Rental housing demand and supply
				2.2.2 Key challenges in the Indian rental housing ecosystem
					2.2.2.1 Affordability
					2.2.2.2 Security and discrimination
					2.2.2.3 Living conditions
					2.2.2.4 Regulatory complexities
				2.2.3 Rental housing and homelessness
			2.3 Knowledge gaps
		3. Assessment of existing government policies on rental housing
			3.1 Timeline of rental housing policy evolution in India
			3.2 Critical analysis of the rental housing policies
				3.2.1 The Rent Control Act, 1948
				3.2.2 The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007
				3.2.3 The Model Tenancy Act, 2020
				3.2.4 Implications for homelessness
			3.3 Potential of rental housing as a mitigator of homelessness in India
				3.3.1 Rental housing: A vital housing option for vulnerable groups
				3.3.2 Current barriers in rental housing market
				3.3.3 Future prospects
		4. Case studies: International best practices
			4.1 Germany: A balanced rental housing market
			4.2 Singapore: Public rental scheme as a solution
			4.3 The United States of America: Housing Choice Vouchers
			4.4 Key learnings from case studies
		5. Recommendations for rental housing policy transformations for the homeless
			5.1 Potential policy changes for a reformed rental housing ecosystem
				5.1.1 Enhanced legal protection for tenants
				5.1.2 Prioritizing affordable rental housing
				5.1.3 Improving housing quality
				5.1.4 Facilitating access to support services
			5.2 Promoting the use of vacant housing stock and unsold housing inventories
				5.2.1 Tax incentives for homeowners
				5.2.2 Streamlining the property letting process
				5.2.3 Adequate legal protection for landlords
				5.2.4 Use of unsold housing inventories
			5.3 Encouraging the development of rental housing for migrant workers
				5.3.1 Public–private partnerships for rental housing development
				5.3.2 Flexible housing models
				5.3.3 Legislation to protect migrant workers' housing rights
			5.4 Participation models for the private sector
				5.4.1 Regulatory reforms and incentives
				5.4.2 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model
				5.4.3 Public–private partnerships
			5.5 Fostering innovation in rental housing design and delivery
				5.5.1 Innovative design approaches
				5.5.2 Innovative delivery mechanisms
				5.5.3 Creating an enabling environment for innovation
			5.6 Strengthen the role of the informal rental housing sector
				5.6.1 Acknowledging the informal rental housing sector
				5.6.2 Legal recognition of informal rental agreements
				5.6.3 Upgradation of informal rental housing
			5.7 Development of rent subsidy programs
				5.7.1 The rationale for rent subsidy programs
				5.7.2 Potential models for India
				5.7.3 Implementation challenges
		6. Future directions in policy, practice, and research on rental housing for mitigating homelessness
		7. Conclusion
		References
	23 - Homelessness and solution-oriented pathways and recommendations
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Rationale of the study
			1.2 Research objective
			1.3 Materials and methods
			1.4 Research questions
		2. Literature review
			2.1 Homelessness: An overview
		3. Solution-oriented pathways
		4. Role of government
			4.1 Strategies for combating homelessness
			4.2 Toward a new politics
			4.3 Housing-led solutions
			4.4 Uniqueness of housing first
			4.5 Temporary to permanent housing
		5. Politics of generosity
		6. Individualized choice-based supports
		7. Inclusive politics (social justice)
		8. Limitations of the study
		9. Challenges to solution-oriented pathways
		10. Recommendations
		11. Conclusions
		References
	24 - Social support system and rights for survival of homeless people
		1. Introduction
		2. Study area
		3. Data and methodology
		4. Social support network
			4.1 Enacted social support networks
				4.1.1 Availability of enacted social support in Delhi
			4.2 Status of social support network
			4.3 Substance use a medium of social support creation
			4.4 The role of support (care) by institution during illness period
		5. Social, economic, and political rights of homeless people
			5.1 Economic rights
			5.2 Social rights
				5.2.1 Basic amenities
				5.2.2 Education
			5.3 Political rights
				5.3.1 Right to social security and right to nondiscrimination
		6. Conclusion
		References
	25 - Trends, associated factors, and the policy necessities with a special focus on the Quality of Life (QoL) of th ...
		1. Introduction
		2. Limitations of the study
		3. Materials and methods
		4. Results and discussion
			4.1 Conceptual framework of homelessness
			4.2 Causes of homelessness
			4.3 Linkages with quality of life as the outcome
		5. Challenges and solutions
			5.1 Health challenges and impact
			5.2 Successful models
			5.3 Quality of life paradox
			5.4 Policy recommendations
		6. Recommendations
		7. Conclusion
		References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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