Hole's human anatomy & physiology

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Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology
BRIEF CONTENTS
ABOUT the AUTHORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
DEDICATION
CONTENTS
CLINICAL CONNECTIONS
UNIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
	CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
		1.1 Origins of Medical Science
		1.2 Anatomy and Physiology
		1.3 Levels of Organization
		1.4 Core Themes in Anatomy and Physiology
		1.5 Life and the Maintenance of Life
		1.6 Organization of the Human Body
		1.7 Life-Span Changes
		1.8 Anatomical Terminology
		Some Medical and Applied Sciences
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		REFERENCE PLATES 1–25 The Human Organism
	CHAPTER 2: Chemical Basis of Life
		2.1 The Importance of Chemistry in Anatomy and Physiology
		2.2 Structure of Matter
		2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 3: Cells
		3.1 Cells Are the Basic Units of the Body
		3.2 A Composite Cell
		3.3 Movements Into and Out of the Cell
		3.4 The Cell Cycle
		3.5 Control of Cell Division
		3.6 Stem and Progenitor Cells
		3.7 Cell Death
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 4: Cellular Metabolism
		4.1 Metabolic Processes
		4.2 Control of Metabolic Reactions
		4.3 Energy for Metabolic Reactions
		4.4 Cellular Respiration
		4.5 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
		4.6 Changes in Genetic Information
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 5: Tissues
		5.1 Cells Are Organized Into Tissues
		5.2 Epithelial Tissues
		5.3 Connective Tissues
		5.4 Types of Membranes
		5.5 Muscle Tissues
		5.6 Nervous Tissues
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
UNIT 2: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
	CHAPTER 6: Integumentary System
		6.1 Skin and Its Tissues
		6.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
		6.3 Skin Functions
		6.4 Healing of Wounds and Burns
		6.5 Life-Span Changes
		INNERCONNECTIONS: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 7: Skeletal System
		7.1 Bone Shape and Structure
		7.2 Bone Development and Growth
		7.3 Bone Function
		7.4 Skeletal Organization
		7.5 Skull
		7.6 Vertebral Column
		7.7 Thoracic Cage
		7.8 Pectoral Girdle
		7.9 Upper Limb
		7.10 Pelvic Girdle
		7.11 Lower Limb
		7.12 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS: SKELETAL SYSTEM
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		REFERENCE PLATES 26–54 Human Skull
	CHAPTER 8: Joints of the Skeletal System
		8.1 Types of Joints
		8.2 Types of Joint Movements
		8.3 Examples of Synovial Joints
		8.4 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 9: Muscular System
		9.1 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
		9.2 Skeletal Muscle Contraction
		9.3 Muscular Responses
		9.4 Smooth Muscle
		9.5 Cardiac Muscle
		9.6 Skeletal Muscle Actions
		9.7 Major Skeletal Muscles
		9.8 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS:: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		REFERENCE PLATES 55–75 Surface Anatomy and Cadaver Dissection
UNIT 3: INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION
	CHAPTER 10: Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
		10.1 General Characteristics of the Nervous System
		10.2 General Functions of the Nervous System
		10.3 Description of Cells of the Nervous System
		10.4 Classification of Cells of the Nervous System
		10.5 The Synapse
		10.6 Cell Membrane Potential
		10.7 Synaptic Transmission
		10.8 Impulse Processing
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS: NERVOUS SYSTEM
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 11: Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System
		11.1 General Characteristics of the Divisions of the Nervous System
		11.2 Meninges
		11.3 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
		11.4 Brain
		11.5 Spinal Cord
		11.6 Peripheral Nervous System
		11.7 Autonomic Nervous System
		11.8 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 12: Nervous System III: Senses
		12.1 General Characteristics of Sensory Function
		12.2 Receptors, Sensation, and Perception
		12.3 General Senses
		12.4 Special Senses
		12.5 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 13: Endocrine System
		13.1 General Characteristics of the Endocrine System
		13.2 Hormone Action
		13.3 Control of Hormonal Secretions
		13.4 Pituitary Gland
		13.5 Thyroid Gland
		13.6 Parathyroid Glands
		13.7 Adrenal Glands
		13.8 Pancreas
		13.9 Other Endocrine Glands
		13.10 Stress and Its Effects
		13.11 Life-Span Changes
		INNERCONNECTIONS: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
UNIT 4: TRANSPORT
	CHAPTER 14: Blood
		14.1 Characteristics of Blood
		14.2 Blood Cells
		14.3 Plasma
		14.4 Hemostasis
		14.5 Blood Groups and Transfusions
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 15: Cardiovascular System
		15.1 General Characteristics of the Cardiovascular System
		15.2 The Heart
		15.3 Blood Vessels
		15.4 Blood Pressure
		15.5 Paths of Circulation
		15.6 Arterial System
		15.7 Venous System
		15.8 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity
		16.1 Lymphatic Pathways
		16.2 Tissue Fluid and Lymph
		16.3 Lymphatic Tissues and Lymphatic Organs
		16.4 Body Defenses Against  Infection (Immunity)
		16.5 Life-Span Changes
		INNERCONNECTIONS: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
UNIT 5: ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION
	CHAPTER 17: Digestive System
		17.1 General Characteristics of the Digestive System
		17.2 Mouth
		17.3 Salivary Glands
		17.4 Pharynx and Esophagus
		17.5 Stomach
		17.6 Pancreas
		17.7 Liver and Gallbladder
		17.8 Small Intestine
		17.9 Large Intestine
		17.10 Life-Span Changes
		INNERCONNECTIONS: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 18: Nutrition and Metabolism
		18.1 Carbohydrates
		18.2 Lipids
		18.3 Proteins
		18.4 Energy Expenditures
		18.5 Appetite Control
		18.6 Vitamins
		18.7 Minerals
		18.8 Healthy Eating
		18.9 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 19: Respiratory System
		19.1 General Characteristics of thex Respiratory System
		19.2 Organs of the Respiratory System
		19.3 Breathing Mechanism
		19.4 Control of Breathing
		19.5 Alveolar Gas Exchanges
		19.6 Gas Transport
		19.7 Life-Span Changes
		INNERCONNECTIONS: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 20: Urinary System
		20.1 General Characteristics of the Urinary System
		20.2 Kidneys
		20.3 Urine Formation
		20.4 Storage and Elimination of Urine
		20.5 Life-Span Changes
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS: URINARY SYSTEM
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
		21.1 The Balance Concept
		21.2 Distribution of Body Fluids
		21.3 Water Balance
		21.4 Electrolyte Balance
		21.5 Acid-Base Balance
		21.6 Acid-Base Imbalances
		21.7 Compensation
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
UNIT 6: THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE
	CHAPTER 22: Reproductive Systems
		22.1 Meiosis and Sex Cell Production
		22.2 Organs of the Male Reproductive System
		22.3 Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
		22.4 Organs of the Female Reproductive System
		22.5 Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
		22.6 Mammary Glands
		22.7 Birth Control
		22.8 Sexually Transmitted Infections
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INNERCONNECTIONS: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 23: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development
		23.1 Fertilization
		23.2 Pregnancy and the Prenatal Period
		23.3 Postnatal Period
		23.4 Aging
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER 24: Genetics and Genomics
		24.1 Genes and Genomes
		24.2 Modes of Inheritance
		24.3 Factors That Affect Expression of Single Genes
		24.4 Multifactorial Traits
		24.5 Matters of Sex
		24.6 Chromosome Disorders
		24.7 Genomics and Healthcare
		CHAPTER ASSESSMENTS
		INTEGRATIVE ASSESSMENTS/CRITICAL THINKING
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
APPENDIX A: Scientific Method
APPENDIX B: Metric Measurement System and Conversions
APPENDIX C: Laboratory Tests of Clinical Importance
APPENDIX D: Periodic Table of the Elements
APPENDIX E: Cellular Respiration
APPENDIX F: A Closer Look at DNA and RNA Structures
APPENDIX G Figure Question Answers
Glossary
Index