Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison

Cover
Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Maps
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Context
	1.2 Greek Religion and the Near East
	1.3 Anatolian Religion and Ancient Greece: State of the Question
	1.4 Aims and Methodology
	1.5 Plan of the Book
Chapter 2: Hittite Religion and its Reception in Anatolia
	2.1 Historical Context
	2.2 Sources
	2.3 God Collectors: Religious and Administrative Strata
	2.4 Sacred Geography
	2.5 The Pantheon
	2.6 Key Aspects of Religion
		2.6.1 Religion and Political Structures
		2.6.2 Festivals
		2.6.3 Divination
		2.6.4 Problem Solving Rituals
		2.6.5 System of Offerings
		2.6.6 The Chthonic Realm
		2.6.7 Speech and Song
		2.6.8 Prayer
		2.6.9 Myths
	2.7 Anatolia in the Iron Age
		2.7.1 Overview
		2.7.2 Religious Continuity in the South-East
		2.7.3 Religious Continuity in the West
		2.7.4 Temple States
Chapter 3: Greek Religion in the LBA and EIA
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Cycladic and Minoan Religion
	3.3 Mycenaean Religion
	3.4 The 1st Millennium BC
		3.4.1 An Overview
		3.4.2 Continuity
	3.5 Greek Religion Abroad in Anatolia in the 1st Millennium BC
		3.5.1 The Spread of Greek Religion
		3.5.2 Some Modes of Interaction
Chapter 4: Working with Comparative Data: Historical and Typological Approaches
	4.1 Forms of Evidence
	4.2 Similarities and Regional Trends
	4.3 Similarities and Explanatory Analogies: Helping us Understand
	4.4 Similarities and Borrowing
	4.5 The Historical Context: Agents and Networks
	4.6 Comparison and Difference
	4.7 Two Examples
		4.7.1 Example 1: Disappearing Gods and Festive Planks
		4.7.2 Example 2: The kursa, aigis and Golden Fleece
Chapter 5: Anatolian–Greek Religious Interaction in the LBA: Modes of Contact
	5.1 Ahhiyawa and Anatolia: The Evidence
	5.2 Ahhiyawa and Anatolia: Cultures in Contact
	5.3 Evidence for Religion 1: Ahhiyawa and Lazpa
	5.4 Evidence for Religion 2: Apaliuna and Wilusa
	5.5 Evidence for Religion 3: Potniya Aswiya
	5.6 The Significance of Lazpa
	5.7 Alliances and Marriages
Chapter 6: The West Anatolian Contact Zone: Arzawa and Scapegoat Rituals
	6.1 The Ritual Tradition of Arzawa
	6.2 The Arzawa Rituals
	6.3 Other Rituals Probably to be Associated with Arzawa
	6.4 Gods of Arzawa
	6.5 Relation of Arzawa Elimination Rituals to the Rest of Anatolian and ANE Ritual Culture
	6.6 Arzawa and Augury
	6.7 Greek Parallels
		6.7.1 Military Rituals in Homer and Polyainos
		6.7.2 Scapegoat Rituals
		6.7.3 Augury
	6.8 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Generations of Gods and the South-East
	7.1 The Song of Going Forth
	7.2 Tarpanalli-Poetics: Challengers to the Cosmic Order
	7.3 Illuyanka and Typhon
	7.4 Context of Borrowing
	7.5 Myth and Religion: Former Gods and Titans
Chapter 8: Becoming Cybele: Phrygia as an Intermediate Culture
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Cybele and Kubaba
	8.3 An Entangled Goddess: Cybele, Kubaba, and Greece
	8.4 Cybele and LBA Anatolian Religion
	8.5 Conclusion
Chapter 9: Comparing Pantheons
	9.1 Introduction: Divine Schemata
	9.2 Pantheons
	9.3 Theonyms as Evidence for Borrowing?
		9.3.1 Hasamili and Kasmilos
		9.3.2 Yarri and Ares?
		9.3.3 Apollo Delphinios and Telipinu
		9.3.4 Piḫassassi and Pegasos
	9.4 Translation
	9.5 Similar Types and Spheres of Activity
		9.5.1 The Storm God, Sun Deity
		9.5.2 Birth and Fate
		9.5.3 Fountains, Rivers, and the Sea
	9.6 Two Greek Deities with Anatolian Connections
		9.6.1 Hecate: Multiple Correspondences
		9.6.2 Dionysus: A Greek Deity
	9.7 Conclusion: An Embargo on Gods?
Chapter 10: War-Rituals
	10.1 Introduction: Towards A Gazetteer of Battle Rituals
	10.2 Between the Pieces
	10.3 Human Sacrifice Before Battle?
	10.4 Some Pre-Battle Rituals
	10.5 Epitheiasmos and Evocatio
	10.6 Truces
	10.7 Oath Ceremonies
	10.8 Commemorating Battle
	10.9 Hittite Rituals in Homer?
	10.10 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Festivals, Amphictiones, and the Calendar
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Hittite State Festivals
	11.3 Local Festivals
	11.4 Three Differences
		11.4.1 The Calendar
		11.4.2 Opening the Pithos
		11.4.3 The Role of Women
	11.5 Festivals and the Town
	11.6 Amphictiones and Networks
	11.7 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Animal Sacrifice: Understanding Differences
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Primary Forms of Offering: Bread, Libation, Sacrifice
	12.3 Key Elements of Hittite Animal Sacrifice
		12.3.1 Animals
		12.3.2 Preliminary Rituals
		12.3.3 Killing and Blood
		12.3.4 The Division
		12.3.5 Commensality
	12.4 God-Drinking
	12.5 Upper and Lower: Pits and Burned Offerings
		12.5.1 Pits
		12.5.2 Burned Offerings
	12.6 Attraction and Deterrence
	12.7 Conclusion
Epilogue
Appendix: Hittite Texts Often Cited
	1. Ahhiyawa Texts (references as in Beckman et al. (2011))
	2. Arzawa Rituals
	3. Kizzuwatna Rituals
	4. Other Purification Rituals
	5. Military Rituals
	6. Festival-Calendars and Cult Inventories
	7. Cult Image Descriptions
	8. Oaths
	9. Instructions
	10. Prayers
	11. Foundation Rituals
	12. Oracles
	13. Historical Texts
	14. Myths
	15. Law Code (CTH 491–2)
	16. Royal Funerary Ritual (CTH 450)
	17. Istanuwa Texts
	18. Treaties
	19. Vows
	20. Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions
Bibliography
	Web resources
	Works Cited
Index