History of the Alps, 1500-1900: Environment, Development, and Society

Front Cover
Contents
Preface
The Alps: A Historical Space?
	Key questions and the state of the research
	The political construction of territory
	Endnotes
Population
	Data and collection methods
	Comparing long-term trends
	Endnotes
Agriculture and Alpiculture
	The intensity differential in the Alps
	Cropping frequency and yields
	The intensification of animal husbandry . . .
	. . . and of plant cultivation
	Technology
	Endnotes
Cities
	Statistics in the early modern era
	Acceleration of growth
	The slowing of urban growth
	The nineteenth century
	Endnotes
Environment and Development
	An intermediate assessment: differentiated growth
	Relations between the Alps and surrounding areas
	History and ecological models
	Endnotes
Image Gallery
	The location of the Alps
	\"An Italian mountain\"
	Map of Italy
	Maize plant
	Homage rendered to Emperor Leopold I in Klagenfurt
	Grenoble and its surroundings
	The Savoyard cadastre
	Law concerning feudal rights
	Hay harvesting below the castle of Hochosterwitz
	Navigable canal near the Preintaler Gscheidl
	View of a hotel
	Tribute from an Alpine pasture at the church of Nendaz
	Mountain farm at Hüttau
Two Agrarian Structures (Nineteenth Century)
	Farming establishments
	Public order and property
	Inheritance law, collective resources
	Endnotes
Territories during the Early Modern Period
	Savoy: the duke, the notables
	The Grisons: communes with subjects
	Carinthia: Lord, peasant, servant
	Endnotes
State Formation and Society
	The European dimension
	Politics as a factor of differentiation
	Rural societies
	Endnotes
History of the Alps from 1500 to 1900
	A summary
	Arguments and outlook
Appendices
Bibliography
	Official statistical sources
	A-Statistics – Austria
	CH-Statistics – Switzerland
	F-Statistics – France
	FL-Statistics – Principality of Liechtenstein
	I-Statistics – Italy
	Selected literature
Index
Maps
	Map 1.1: Physical relief of the Alps	#19,-1,-24	Map 1.2: Political divisions in the Alps, before 1790 and in 1900	#27,-2,-24	Map 2.1: Regions whose surface area is 75–100% Alpine	#36,-2,-24	Map 3.1: Forms of agriculture in the Alps, ca. 1900, according to de Martonne	#63,-2,-24	Map 4.1: Cities with 5000 or more inhabitants, in the Alps and surrounding areas, 1500	#96,-2,-24	Map 4.2: Cities with 5000 or more inhabitants, in the Alps and surrounding areas, 1800	#97,-2,-24	Map 4.3: The area surrounding Innsbruck, 1928
	Map 6.1: Medium and large farms in Alpine regions and districts, 1900	#163,-1,-1	Map 6.2: Agricultural servants in Alpine regions and districts, 1900	#164,-2,-2	Map 6.3: Illegitimacy rates in Alpine regions and districts, 1900	#165,-2,-2	Map 7.1: The duchy of Savoy in the late eighteenth century
	Map 7.2: The Freestate of the Three Leagues before 1797
	Map 7.3: The duchy of Carinthia in the late eighteenth century
	Map 8.1: Elements of agrarian structure in the Alps and in surrounding areas, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries	#230,4,-24Tables
	Table 2.1: Indications of total Alpine population levels, 1500 –1900
	Table 2.2: Population in Alpine regions, 1500 –1900	#37,29,-1	Table 2.3: Population growth and density in Alpine regions, 1500 –1900
	Table 2.4: Population growth and density in the Alps and in surrounding areas,1500 –1900
	Table 3.1: Introduction of corn and potatoes in the Alpine regions, 1500 –1900
	Table 4.1: Cities with 5000 or more inhabitants, in the Alps and at the foot of theAlps, 1500 –1800
	Table 4.2: Cities and urban population in the Alps according to altitude, 1600 –1800
	Table 4.3: Cities and urban population in the Alps according to size, 1800 –1900
	Table 4.4: Cities and urban population in the Alps according to altitude, 1800 –1900
	Table 7.1: Household and family in Savoy-Piedmont and in the Grisons, 1561–1832
	Table 7.2: Household and economic status in Carinthia and in the Grisons, 1750 –1798
	Table A.1: Percentages of agricultural workers in Alpine regions, 1870 and 1900
	Table A.2: Farm sizes in Alpine regions, 1900	#255,-1,-24	Table A.3: Agricultural labor force in Alpine regions, 1900	#256,-2,-24	Table A.4: Illegitimacy rates in Alpine regions, 1870 and 1900
	Table A.5: Farm size, agricultural labor force, and illegitimacy rates in Alpine regions of Hapsburg Austria by district, 1870 and 1900
	Table A.6: Cities with 5000 or more inhabitants in the Alps, 1870 and 1900
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