History of Neurology: Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Series Editors: Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)

1......Page 1
2......Page 2
3......Page 3
4......Page 4
5......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 7
EphraIm George Squier and Paul Broca......Page 10
Outline placeholder......Page 0
The Discovery of Neolithic Trepanation......Page 11
Diagnosing Trepanation......Page 12
A Temporal and Geographic Survey of Ancient Trepanation......Page 13
Why did they Trepan?......Page 15
The Fate of Two Theories......Page 18
References
......Page 19
Mesopotamia......Page 22
Introduction......Page 470
Broca's approach to cognitive assessment......Page 235
The Barlow Case......Page 23
Peru......Page 25
The knowledge base of ancient Mesopotamian medicine......Page 26
Motor and sensory impairments......Page 27
Seizures and epilepsy......Page 28
Spinal cord trauma......Page 29
Strokes......Page 30
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome?......Page 31
Cerebral malaria......Page 32
References
......Page 33
From Antiquity to the Renaissance......Page 35
Prelude to Broca: Before 1861......Page 576
Analysis Of Membrane Proteins......Page 36
The brain and anterior eye chamber as privileged sites......Page 838
The Middle Era (1940-1970)......Page 37
Paleopathology of the Nervous System......Page 39
References
......Page 41
Rehabilitation therapies......Page 43
Introduction......Page 800
Constantin Von Economo (1876-1931)......Page 56
Head injuries......Page 44
The 18th Century......Page 46
Tetanus......Page 47
Sources for neurology......Page 71
Head injuries......Page 49
Neurological textbooks and societies......Page 738
Expansion of Clinical Neurology in Australia......Page 309
Epilepsy......Page 50
Cranial surgery......Page 51
Conclusions......Page 52
References
......Page 53
Before Willis......Page 54
Prehistoric and ancient imagery......Page 269
Infantile Cerebral Paralysis......Page 828
Head's Serial Tests......Page 67
Clinical Neurology......Page 335
Belgium......Page 683
References
......Page 63
Geopolitical background......Page 65
Introduction......Page 94
The Adrenal Substance......Page 551
Current Understanding......Page 557
Derek Denny-brown......Page 88
Instrumentation......Page 70
Epidemic neuropathy......Page 337
Conclusions......Page 72
Gaba......Page 858
Dementia with motor neuron disease......Page 759
Glycine......Page 860
Ibn al-Haytham's new `visual image´ theory......Page 75
Disease patterns in India......Page 804
Information-Memory-Concentration Test and Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test......Page 76
Conclusions......Page 77
References
......Page 78
Tropical Neurology Pre-1900......Page 82
Initial Contact With European Culture......Page 742
The High Middle Ages (c. 1000-c. 1200)......Page 83
The chemical nature of ``adrenalin´´......Page 682
Pathologies of Neurological Conditions......Page 84
References......Page 91
Jamaican neuropathy (Strachan´s syndrome)......Page 801
Acquired Childhood Aphasia......Page 566
Establishment Of Modern Medical Education By A Dutch Naval Surgeon......Page 756
The Netherlands......Page 96
The Vertuosi and the Royal Society......Page 97
Finland......Page 649
Other diseases documented during the period......Page 98
Charcot's glory and his association with Vulpian......Page 625
Pellagrous dementia......Page 445
Methods of dissection and comprehension......Page 99
Infections......Page 100
West Pacific Region: ``lytico´´ and Kuru......Page 101
The National Neurological Associations......Page 656
From earlier views of the animal soul to comparative anatomy......Page 102
Passions of the animal soul: psychology of unconscious emotions......Page 103
Headache......Page 104
De paralysi: of the palsy (ibid. ch. 9)......Page 105
De mania: of madness......Page 106
Survival of Willisian brain research despite justified criticism......Page 107
References
......Page 108
15......Page 110
Clinical neurology in Latin America......Page 190
Introduction......Page 300
Hollow Nerves And Their Spirits......Page 111
Introduction......Page 647
The recognition of limb-girdle dystrophies......Page 477
Imaging......Page 112
Hughlings Jackson and Bastian......Page 113
Epidemic meningitis......Page 114
Great Britain, specialties, and the rise of special hospitals......Page 305
Emergence of Charcot's Neurological Interests......Page 118
The emergence of the age variable in 19th-century neurology: considerations of recovery patterns in acquired chil......Page 825
Introduction......Page 680
Origins......Page 119
From the 19th to the 20th Century......Page 121
Broca on Localization......Page 122
Weisenburg and McBride......Page 239
Blood Supply to the Hypothalamus and Pituitary......Page 124
Converging Lines of Evidence......Page 126
Introduction......Page 130
The 16th century: a new language, two medical revolutions, and the brain......Page 657
Argentina......Page 171
The St. Petersburg School of Psychoneurology......Page 136
The Photographic Activity Around Charcot At The SalpTriRe......Page 288
Of Frogs, Mice, and Rats......Page 141
A View Back Into the 20th Century......Page 144
A history of seizures and epilepsies: from the falling disease to dysrhythmias of the brain......Page 150
South America......Page 494
Thomas Willis and Neuroanatomy in the 17th Century......Page 153
From Gross Anatomy to the Microscopic Organization of the Nervous System......Page 157
Reticular theories......Page 159
The 20th Century......Page 615
The first reticular theories......Page 161
Paul Broca (1824-1880) and localization of language......Page 624
The neuron doctrine......Page 163
The understanding of the Pickwickian syndrome......Page 164
Hormone-like actions of vitamin A......Page 165
Cortical Lamination and Architecture......Page 166
Conclusions......Page 167
Neurology and traditional Chinese medicine......Page 170
Occupational And Vocational Rehabilitation......Page 172
Diagrams......Page 174
The 19th Century......Page 376
Raoul May: intraocular grafts......Page 736
Australian Neurology in 1939......Page 176
Sperry, Hubel, and Wiesel and inborn neural connections and organizations......Page 177
Appendix: Time line......Page 367
Extraction of adrenaline, thiamine and ``cerebral sleep substance´´......Page 178
Visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills......Page 179
The turning point......Page 180
20th century: introduction of antibiotic therapy......Page 423
Cranial nerve VIII: the acoustic-vestibular nerve......Page 181
The EEG as a means of clinical investigation......Page 182
The hypothalamus: from the isolated pupil reflexes to complex body functions......Page 344
Neurophysiological and clinical uses of electromyography......Page 183
Neuron conduction studies......Page 184
Acknowledgments......Page 185
The Early Period: Antiquity To The Medieval Period......Page 383
Early Years: First Trials......Page 866
Lister's Crucial Role......Page 192
18th And 19th Century Genevan (Swiss) Physicians And The First Reports Of Epidemic Meningitis......Page 194
Victor Horsley......Page 199
Tests of word fluency......Page 200
Jean-martin Charcot......Page 204
The Anatomo-clinical Method and Its Medical Origins......Page 206
Brazil......Page 787
Anatomy Books in Chinese......Page 210
The National Hospital, Queen Square......Page 610
22......Page 214
Neural transplantation......Page 865
Models of basal ganglia function......Page 215
The early-20th century: Marie, Moutier, and Dejerine......Page 216
Neurological chairs, periodicals and meetings prior to 1917......Page 554
Visual Acuity......Page 217
Clinical description......Page 498
Norway......Page 572
Intelligence Tests......Page 218
Joseph Babinski......Page 629
Cranial nerve VI: the abducens nerve......Page 220
Short Standardized Cognitive Instruments for Dementia......Page 250
Cranial nerve X: the vagus nerve......Page 222
Cuba......Page 796
Muscle tendon reflexes......Page 223
Henry Hécaen......Page 224
Burkitt's lymphoma......Page 225
Palmomental reflex......Page 226
Motor Strength......Page 227
Sensory Examination......Page 228
Cerebellar Examination......Page 229
Signs of Meningismus......Page 230
Acknowledgments......Page 231
An Early Fantasy......Page 257
Case Descriptions......Page 565
Grafting neural tissues to the brain......Page 868
Conclusions......Page 241
Assessment of Cognitive Abilities Other Than Language......Page 243
Wald and the visual cycle of vitamin A......Page 433
Praxis......Page 247
Reconnecting the visual system......Page 248
Mini-Mental State examination......Page 251
Concluding Perspectives......Page 252
Takaki and the dietary prevention of kakké (beriberi) in the Japanese navy......Page 259
The Belgian Neurological Society......Page 261
Image averaging......Page 262
Instrumentation......Page 263
The anterior eye chamber model......Page 585
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast......Page 264
Peripheral Neuropathies......Page 265
&s_headc;Acknowledgments......Page 266
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) Deficiency: Beriberi And WeRnicke-Korsakoff Disease......Page 438
Leonardo da Vinci......Page 271
Other noteworthy contributions......Page 276
Spinal cord regeneration......Page 542
Anesthetics and Medications......Page 296
Glutamic acid......Page 282
El Salvador......Page 283
Conclusions......Page 284
Introduction Of Chinese Medicine Together With Buddhism To Japan......Page 286
Analysis of Movement: Muybridge, Marey and Londe......Page 290
Future Prospects......Page 560
Wernicke's clinicopathological description of Wernicke's encephalopathy......Page 441
Surgical Cinematography: From Innovation to Scandal......Page 293
The Foundation of The Australian Association of Neurologists (AAN)......Page 294
English And Scottish Contributions......Page 301
The British voluntary hospital movement in the 18th and 19th centuries......Page 303
The Pavlovian session of the two academies (1950): impact on clinical neurology......Page 442
The German situation from around 1850 to 1930......Page 307
Great Britain, the NHS and special facilities......Page 310
Western Germany, neuropsychiatry and neurological departments since the 1960s......Page 311
Acknowledgment......Page 312
Introduction......Page 314
Marcé......Page 577
Cerebral palsy (Little's disease)......Page 318
Pediatric muscle disorders......Page 319
Discovering The Neurotransmitter Role Of Acetylcholine......Page 684
Pathology and Sleep - The Preliminary Phase: Sleep as Part of Neuron Electrophysiology......Page 321
Prevention, changing epidemiology and intervention......Page 322
Changing attitudes......Page 324
Infrastructure......Page 326
Acknowledgments......Page 327
A history of Russian and Soviet neuro(patho)logy......Page 332
Tremor......Page 333
Uruguay......Page 568
Animists and Vitalists from Stahl to Müller: interaction of body and soul......Page 336
Ecuador......Page 651
Neuropeptides as Neurotransmitters or Neuromodulators: the Central Pathways Involved......Page 338
Central grafting of catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems......Page 341
Bulbospinal muscle atrophy......Page 343
Fatal Familial Insomnia......Page 544
Free University of Amsterdam......Page 691
Further exploration of hypothalamic-autonomic interaction: new methods......Page 348
Tracing techniques and the antagonistic model of catabolic and anabolic regions in the hypothalamus......Page 349
30......Page 358
Introduction......Page 396
Introduction......Page 428
Physiologic tremor......Page 405
Prions And Prion Diseases......Page 365
The implication of cassava in tropical neurological disorders......Page 623
Concluding Remarks......Page 366
31......Page 370
An historical overview of British neurology......Page 595
Linking visual manifestations to vitamin A deficiency......Page 432
Clinical approach and headache classification......Page 371
The Norse tradition......Page 373
Emphasis on the neurovegetative system, on working conditions, and on domestic therapy during the enlightenment.........Page 374
From traditional to spagyric remedies......Page 375
General Comments......Page 580
The Clinical Approach......Page 377
Bolivia......Page 500
Alternative profile......Page 379
32......Page 382
The Classical Period: Renaissance To The 19th Century......Page 386
The Technological Era......Page 390
A Focus On Pathology And The Characteristics Of Disease (1700-1860)......Page 400
Vascular Anatomy (1860-1950)......Page 404
Comprehensive Brain Injury Rehabilitation......Page 843
Muscular dystrophy......Page 411
After the Birth of Italy as Nation......Page 711
18th century: Robert Whytt (1714-1766) and the Edinburgh School......Page 412
Alfred Walter Campbell......Page 771
Examination Of Cerebrospinal Fluid In Meningitis......Page 417
Identification Of The Most Significant Bacterial Etiologies Of Meningitis......Page 420
Clinical Signs Of Meningeal Irritation......Page 421
Infantile malnutrition and under-nutrition......Page 803
Movement Disorders......Page 422
Vaccines to prevent meningitis......Page 424
Endemic pellagra was a manifestation of complex social issues......Page 448
Introduction......Page 429
Description of night blindness and keratomalacia......Page 430
Cassava linked with tropical spastic paraparesis or ``Konzo´´......Page 443
Neuropathology......Page 444
Etiologic theories of pellagra......Page 446
The Bunge Institute in Antwerp......Page 447
Niacin......Page 449
The niacin-tryptophan connection and niacin neurochemistry......Page 450
Cerebrovascular diseases......Page 451
Prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid......Page 452
Pernicious anemia......Page 454
Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord......Page 455
Toxic and infectious theories for pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration......Page 456
Minot and Murphy and the liver therapy for pernicious anemia......Page 457
Isolation, structure, synthesis, and biochemical reactions of vitamin B12......Page 458
Luxemburg......Page 459
Distinction of rest and action tremors......Page 496
Lashley, Franz, And Vicariation Theory......Page 821
Introduction......Page 482
The 17th Century: Other than Willis......Page 486
Contrasting views of the body-soul problem, and of brain research......Page 598
Developmental Disorders......Page 489
Chile......Page 792
Neurology in New Zealand......Page 777
Summary......Page 739
General anesthesia......Page 501
Genetics and molecular biology......Page 503
Encephalitis Lethargica: Von Economo's Encephalitis......Page 504
Wilson's disease......Page 505
University of Utrecht......Page 507
Mechanisms of graft function......Page 508
Sydenham's chorea......Page 509
Huntington's disease......Page 510
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)......Page 513
Ballism and the subthalamic nucleus (nucleus luysii)......Page 515
Generalized primary tortion dystonia......Page 517
Writer's cramp and other occupational dystonias......Page 518
Essential myoclonus......Page 519
Asterixis and metabolic tremor......Page 521
Jumping......Page 522
Tics......Page 523
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome......Page 524
Ludo Van Bogaert (1897-1989)......Page 702
Understanding the Neuroanatomy of Sleep......Page 540
The French Revolution and its medical consequences......Page 541
Treatments of OSAS......Page 543
Narcolepsy and the Hypocretin Control of Sleep/wakeFulness......Page 545
The University of Louvain......Page 694
Community-based studies in neurology (1980-1985)......Page 546
41......Page 550
History of aphasia: from brain to language......Page 564
Grammatical Disorders......Page 569
Neurosurgery Prior to World War II......Page 571
The Beginnings......Page 850
Research With Laboratory Animals......Page 578
Kussmaul and Skwortzoff......Page 582
Cassava and epidemic neuropathy in southwest Nigeria......Page 802
The legacy of Cajal......Page 873
Dejerine's Contributions......Page 584
The Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmological Group in Belgium......Page 688
Gilman Thompson......Page 597
The 20th Century......Page 599
45......Page 603
Introduction......Page 816
The 18th Century......Page 607
Neurology as an Autonomous Discipline in Italy: Scientific Societies and Journals......Page 608
Introduction......Page 619
History of neurology in Italy......Page 707
Precursors of scientific medicine......Page 621
Cognitive Or Neuropsychological Rehabilitation......Page 622
Jules Dejerine......Page 630
Pierre Marie......Page 631
The next generation......Page 632
Kuru......Page 805
Jean Lhermitte......Page 634
Sainte Anne Hospital......Page 635
French Research Institutes and Reorganization of the Universities......Page 637
Montpellier......Page 638
Bordeaux......Page 639
Strasbourg......Page 640
HIV and tropical neurology......Page 641
Marseille......Page 642
Landmark Years in the Development of Tropical Neurology......Page 812
Acknowledgments......Page 643
Denmark......Page 650
Clinical Neurophysiology......Page 652
Cerebrovascular Disorders......Page 653
Neurogenetics......Page 654
Neurological Journals......Page 655
Animal magnetism, phrenology and brain research: one-way to Paris......Page 660
Johannes Müller in Berlin: new patterns of discovery......Page 662
Neuroanatomy......Page 666
``Brain psychiatry,´´ the mainstream: the neuropsychiatrists......Page 667
Clinical Neurologists......Page 675
Crossing the Boundaries......Page 677
The Moscow School of Neuro(patho)logy......Page 725
Le Gros Clark and Paul Glees......Page 685
The 1907 Congress......Page 686
Nigral grafts......Page 877
The University of Leiden......Page 689
The Municipal University of Amsterdam......Page 692
State University of Maastricht......Page 693
The University of Ghent......Page 695
The University of Liège......Page 696
University of Brussels......Page 697
History......Page 698
Cornelis Winkler (1855-1941)......Page 699
Gerbrandus Jelgersma (1859-1942)......Page 700
Arthur Van Gehuchten (1861-1914)......Page 701
Bernardus Brouwer (1881-1949)......Page 703
&s_headc;Acknowledgment......Page 704
Decision to introduce German medicine to Japan......Page 719
51......Page 724
Parkinson's Disease, Schizophrenia, And The Multiple Functions Of Dopamine......Page 735
Anatomical Dissection in Chinese Medicine......Page 744
Epilepsy......Page 749
Beri-beri......Page 750
Ephedrine......Page 752
Conclusions......Page 753
Japanese Interest In Dutch Medicine......Page 755
Kinnosuke Miura (1864-1950)......Page 758
Pan American Congresses......Page 760
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL)......Page 761
HTLV-I-associated myelopathy and tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)......Page 762
Glycogen storage disease......Page 763
History of neurology in Australia and New Zealand......Page 766
Forerunners of Clinical Neurology in Australia......Page 770
An Independent Existence: Aan Publications......Page 780
Neurology in Universities......Page 781
Acknowledgments......Page 783
55......Page 786
Venezuela......Page 793
Panama......Page 794
Mexico......Page 795
&s_headc;Acknowledgments......Page 797
Parkinson's disease......Page 881
Common diseases......Page 806
Pioneers of neurosciences and the formation of the Pan African Association of Neurological Sciences......Page 807
World Federation of Neurology recognition of tropical neurology......Page 809
Tropical neurology in the 1980s......Page 810
Emerging disease - dementia......Page 811
&s_headc;Acknowledgments......Page 813
The Tangle Of Semantics And Conclusions......Page 822
The Concept of Functional Compartmentalization of the Brain......Page 826
Language and Cognitive Development......Page 829
Conclusions......Page 830
59......Page 833
Medical And Physical Rehabilitation......Page 835
Defining The Role Of Noradrenaline......Page 853
Myasthenia Gravis And The Cholinergic Neurotransmitter......Page 855
Physostigmine And Other Cholinesterase Inhibitors......Page 856
The Multiple Routes To Discovery Of Serotonin As A Neurotransmitter......Page 857
&s_headc;Acknowledgments......Page 861
Grafts to cerebellum......Page 874
Neuroendocrine grafts in hypothalamus......Page 879
Spinal cord bridges and repair......Page 880
Other CNS diseases......Page 883
Other strategies to CNS repair......Page 884
Subject Index
......Page 893