History of Geophysics: Volume 4

History of Geophysics......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Introduction......Page 8
Halley's Earliest Equal Variation Chart.......Page 13
Edmund Halley.......Page 17
Halley's Instructions.1......Page 18
Notes.......Page 19
Magnetic Results of Halley's Expedition, 1698-1700.
......Page 20
Halley's Variation Chart.......Page 21
Halley's Declination Observations at London.......Page 24
Appendix A.......Page 25
Appendix B.......Page 27
Appendix C.......Page 29
Dr. William Gilbert.......Page 32
Portrait of Andrew Carnegie......Page 33
Department of International Research in Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution......Page 34
B. Internation,al Observations of The Variations......Page 38
C. Observations in Ocean Depths and Atmospheric Regions......Page 39
Magnetograph Records of Earthquakes \Vith Special Reference to the San Francisco Earthquake, April 18, 1906.1......Page 40
The Beginning of an Earthquake Disturbance......Page 48
The Correspondence......Page 50
Geomagnetics: A Dependent Science......Page 52
Desultory Efforts......Page 53
The Magnetic Crusade: Failed Efforts?......Page 54
The Era of Incorporation......Page 55
References......Page 56
The Storm Controversy 1830-1860 and its Impact on American Science......Page 58
References......Page 61
The Survey of India......Page 63
Measurement of the Great Arc and Calculation of the Figure of the Earth......Page 64
Observations of Mount Everest Burrard's Account......Page 65
Observations of Mount Everest Phillimore's Account......Page 66
Height of Mount Everest......Page 67
References......Page 68
Resurrection......Page 70
Epilogue......Page 72
References......Page 73
Ancient Advice for Modern Mariners......Page 74
EOS......Page 75
Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field and the Acceptance of Crustal Mobility in North America: a View From the Trenches
......Page 77
References......Page 79
Discussion......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 81
References......Page 82
EOS......Page 83
History of a Discovery......Page 84
Appearances of Comet Halley Before the 16th Century......Page 85
The Current Passage of Comet Halley......Page 86
References......Page 87
Gumbel on Manganese Nodules......Page 88
Gumbel's Background......Page 89
References......Page 90
How Hansteen Became Interested in Terrestrial Magnetism......Page 92
The Origin of the Earth's Magnetism: Theories......Page 93
Hansteen's Isodynamic Maps......Page 94
Hansteen's Vision for His Work in Geomagnetism......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 96
References......Page 97
Jose de Acosta 1539-1600: A Pioneer of Geophysics......Page 98
References......Page 100
Alhazen......Page 101
Twilight Observation......Page 102
Alhazen's Manuscript......Page 103
Commentary......Page 104
References......Page 105
Acknowledgment......Page 106
References......Page 107
Early Work Leading to the Explanation of the Banded Geolllagnetic Imprinting of the Ocean Floor......Page 108
References......Page 111
Early Ideas Concerning the Planetary Distribution of Auroras......Page 112
Alfvén and the Planetary Distribution of the Aurora......Page 113
The IGY and the Auroral Oval Concept......Page 114
Discussion and Comments......Page 115
References......Page 116
J. Y. Buchanan and the First Measurements......Page 118
New Data, Old Data, and Theories......Page 120
Acknowledgments......Page 122
Selected Bibliography......Page 123
The Dubious Accuracy of Wood's Narrative Account......Page 124
References......Page 125
Rise of Recognition of the Role of Rock Fracture......Page 127
Mechanism of Failure......Page 129
Source Characteristics from Recorded Pulses......Page 130
References......Page 132
The Conversation......Page 134
References......Page 135
Global Environmental Change......Page 137
Questions of Large-Scale Hydrology......Page 139
Global Hydrologic Modeling......Page 140
Experimental Support......Page 142
Educational Implications......Page 143
References......Page 144
Seismology in the Days of Old......Page 146
References......Page 148
The Inner Core Boundary......Page 149
Solidity......Page 151
Inner Core Puzzles......Page 152
Bibliography......Page 153
References......Page 154
Introduction......Page 155
Discovery of PAN......Page 156
Infrared Study of Real Smog......Page 157
Smog and Gasoline......Page 158
Plant Damage and PAN......Page 159
References......Page 160
Development of Darwin's Views on the Geological Effects of Uplift and Subsidence......Page 161
Darwin, Captain Moresby, and the Great Chagos Bank......Page 162
Modern Studies of Seismic Events in the Indian Ocean......Page 163
References......Page 164
The Problem of Reversals......Page 165
Arrival at Cambridge and First Trip to Iceland......Page 166
Hospers' Return to Iceland: Results......Page 167
References......Page 168
From High School Student to Geodetic Astronomer......Page 170
The Discovery of Polar Motion......Page 171
Rereducing Historical Observations......Page 172
References......Page 173
Introduction......Page 175
The Contribution of Kiyoo Wadati......Page 176
Five Questions......Page 178
Discussion......Page 182
References......Page 184
References......Page 187
Reply......Page 188
Geophysicists as Parents......Page 189
Origins of the Seismology Archive......Page 191
Historical Seismogram Filming Project......Page 192
Some General Information About the Phase Cards......Page 193
Guidelines and Experience......Page 194
References......Page 195
Views of AGU Women Members......Page 196
About AWG......Page 197
Addresses......Page 198
Why History?......Page 199
Scientific Revolutions and Scientific Programs......Page 200
The Advent of the Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 201
References......Page 202
References......Page 203
C. Stewart Gillmor......Page 204
References......Page 206
Geology in and of China: a Tale of two Maps
......Page 207
References......Page 211
Status of the Problem......Page 212
Determination of the Period......Page 213
Amplitude and Phase......Page 214
References......Page 215
The Data and Preliminary Analysis......Page 217
Analysis......Page 218
References......Page 220
Individual Stations......Page 221
References......Page 223
Data Compilation......Page 225
Results......Page 229
Discussion......Page 232
References......Page 235
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. Evidence Relating to El Nino Occurrences and Confidence Therein......Page 242
3. Strong and Very Strong El Ninos......Page 243
5. The Very Strong El Nino......Page 244
6. Long-term Climatic Changes......Page 245
7. Discussion......Page 246
References......Page 248
Jaime Amorocho 1920-1983......Page 251
Louis J. Battan 1923-1986......Page 252
References......Page 254
Influence of Ions on Plasma Wave Propagation......Page 255
Jupiter......Page 256
References......Page 257
Cynthia Bravo: 25 Years at AGU......Page 258
Allan V. Cox AGU President 1978-1980......Page 259
Allan Cox 1926-1987......Page 260
William L. Donn......Page 262
References......Page 264
Adrian E. Gill 1937-1986......Page 265
Oliver H. Gish1883-1987......Page 266
Mahdi S. Hantush 1921-1984......Page 267
Norman Stuart Heaps 1928-1986......Page 268
Recollections of Marx Brook: The New Mexico Years......Page 269
Reminiscences of Stan Ruttenburg: Early California Days......Page 270
Remembrances of E. J. Smith: The Golden Days of OGO......Page 271
References......Page 272
Helmut Landsberg 1906-1985......Page 273
Response......Page 275
H. W. Menatd 1920-1986......Page 276
Introduction and Tribute To H. W. Menard 1920-1986
......Page 278
References......Page 281
Nalin Mukherjee 1922-1984......Page 282
Preface......Page 283
Velior Petrovich Shabansky 1927-1985......Page 284
Frank Snodgrass 1920-1985......Page 285
Johannes Theodoor Thijsse 1893-1984......Page 286
John P. Tully 1906-1987......Page 287
Daniel A. Valencio 1928-1987......Page 288
Response......Page 289
Acknowledgment......Page 291