History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part Two The achievements

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Preface Of The Director-general Of Unesco......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Description Of The Project......Page 16
Members Of The International Scientific Committee......Page 20
Members Of The Reading Committee......Page 21
List Of Contributors......Page 22
Note On Transliteration And Style For Names......Page 26
Introduction......Page 28
The Dablristäns, Or Higher Secular Schools......Page 32
Mosques......Page 33
The Maktabs, Or Elementary Schools......Page 34
The Profession Of Qur'an-reciter......Page 36
The Madrasas, Or Colleges For Higher Religious And Other Studies......Page 37
General remarks......Page 44
Christian Texts......Page 45
Buddhist Translations......Page 46
Tokharian Translations......Page 48
Turkic Translations......Page 49
General Remarks......Page 50
Mongol Buddhism Of The First Period......Page 51
The Struggle Between Buddhism And Bon......Page 53
The Learning And Teaching Of The Buddhist Scriptures In Early Monasteries (mid-eighth Century)......Page 54
Revived Buddhism (latter Half Of The Tenth Century)......Page 55
The Construction Of Monasteries Of Different Sects Of Tibetan Buddhism (eleventh-fifteenth Century)......Page 56
The Establishment Of The Dge-lugs-pa, Or Yellow Sect, Of Tibetan Buddhism......Page 58
The Propagation Of Tibetan Buddhism At The Mongol Court (mid-thirteenth Century)......Page 60
Introduction......Page 62
Turkic And Mongol Beliefs, The Tibetan Bon Religion And Shamanism......Page 66
Religion Among The Uighurs, Kyrgyz And Kitan......Page 68
Manichaeism......Page 70
Nestorian Christianity......Page 73
Zoroastrianism......Page 77
Hinduism......Page 80
Part Three - The advent of Islam: extent and impact......Page 82
The Hatha-yoga Movement......Page 87
The Bhakti Movement......Page 88
Birth Of The Sikh Religion......Page 90
Part One - The contribution of eastern Iranian and Central Asian scholars to the compilation of Hadîths......Page 92
The Age Of 'the Six Sahibs' (850-900)......Page 93
Subsequent Hadith Literature......Page 95
Introduction And Origins......Page 98
Corpora Of Exegesis Based On Hadith......Page 102
The Beginnings Of Theology In The Region......Page 118
Hanafite Tradition Before Al-maturidi......Page 122
The State Of Theology In The Ninth Century......Page 124
Theology In The Age Of Al-maturïdï......Page 125
Al-maturidi And Maturidism......Page 126
Ashcarite Theology......Page 130
The Legal Sciences......Page 134
Political Science......Page 138
The Pre-mongol Period......Page 143
The Mongol Period......Page 149
The Timurid Period......Page 151
Part Three - Arabic, Persian and Turkish historiography in Central Asia......Page 153
Part Four - Historiography among the Mongols......Page 157
Introduction......Page 162
Classification Of The Sciences......Page 163
Schools Of Philosophy From The Eighth To The Fifteenth Century......Page 166
Part One - Introduction: the mathematicians and their heritage......Page 178
Some Eminent Mathematicians......Page 179
Part Two - The Mathematical Sciences......Page 183
Arithmetic......Page 184
Algebra......Page 188
Trigonometry......Page 190
Geometry......Page 192
Conclusions......Page 193
The Persian And Indian Origins Of Islamic Astronomy......Page 196
Astrology......Page 200
Observatories And Astronomical Instruments......Page 203
Calendars......Page 204
Geodesy......Page 206
Geology And Mineralogy......Page 209
Hydrostatics......Page 214
Geography And Cartography......Page 217
Part Two - The Silk Route across Central Asia......Page 222
Origins......Page 228
The Eastern Tradition Of Early Chemistry And Alchemy......Page 229
Medicine And Pharmacology......Page 232
Medicine, Biology, Chemistry And Technology In The Later Medieval Period......Page 238
Part Two - Tibetan and Mongolian Pharmacology......Page 244
Physics And Mechanics......Page 250
Civil And Hydraulic Engineering......Page 262
Industrial Processes And Manufacturing, And Craft Activities......Page 270
Flora......Page 276
Fauna......Page 282
Natural Habitat And Patterns Of Human Life......Page 287
Part One - Medicine, pharmacologyand veterinary sciencein Islamic eastern Iran and Central Asia......Page 300
The Growth And Consummation Of A Scholastic Tradition; The Emergence Of Regional Differentiation (750-1050)......Page 301
The Continuing Elaboration And 'islamic Naturalization' Of Galenism; The Consolidation Of Arabic-persian Bilingualism (1050-1220......Page 310
Commentaries, Encyclopedias And Inter-asian Exchanges (1220-1500)......Page 313
Veterinary Science (750-1500)......Page 316
Conclusion......Page 318
Chinese Influence On Islamic Medicine......Page 319
Indian Influence On Islamic Medicine......Page 320
Traditional Tibetan Medicine......Page 321
Medical Works By Indo-Muslim Authors......Page 322
Sogdian......Page 324
Khwarazmian......Page 327
Parthian......Page 328
New Persian......Page 329
Scripts......Page 331
Old Turkic......Page 332
Middle Turkic......Page 334
Part Three - Pre-Mongol and Mongol writing systems......Page 336
Part Four - The Tibetan script......Page 339
Part Five - Arabic......Page 341
Texts Of Middle Persian (Pahlavi) Lexicography......Page 352
The Lexicography Of New Persian: The Beginnings......Page 353
Subsequent Developments......Page 357
Persian Lexicography In India......Page 359
General Trends......Page 362
Part Two - Encyclopedias......Page 364
Literature In Arabic......Page 370
Literature In Persian......Page 372
Part Two - Literature of the Turkic peoples......Page 380
Tibetan Literature......Page 384
Mongolian Literature......Page 390
Part Four - The literatures of north-western India......Page 396
Literary Languages......Page 397
The Courtly Heritage......Page 398
The Rise Of The Vernacular Lyric......Page 399
Early Romances......Page 400
Heroic Poetry......Page 401
Didactic Verse......Page 402
Part Five - The Kyrgyz epic Manas......Page 404
Part One - Arts and crafts in Transoxania and Khurasan......Page 412
Ceramics......Page 413
Metal-working......Page 424
Artefacts Made Of Glass, Bone And Wood......Page 437
Fine Fabrics And Carpet-making......Page 441
Mural Paintings And Sculpture......Page 444
Uighur Art And Sculpture......Page 450
Sculptures Of The Turks Of Kazakhstan And Mongolia......Page 451
Mongol Art: Architecture And Painting......Page 453
Tibet......Page 455
Part Three - Hindu and Buddhist arts and crafts: tiles, ceramics and pottery......Page 456
General Features......Page 462
The Importance Of The Miniature......Page 466
Developments In The Western Iranian Lands Under The Ii Khanid And Turkmen Dynasties......Page 470
The Timurid Period And The Florescence Of The Herat School......Page 475
The Samarkand School......Page 483
Part Two - The development of calligraphy......Page 486
The Abbasid Period......Page 488
The Mongol And Post-mongol Periods......Page 498
Conclusion......Page 506
The Arrival Of The Arabs......Page 508
The Mongol Conquests And Their Aftermath......Page 526
The Period Of Arab Rule In Sind......Page 558
The Ghaznavids In Afghanistan And North-western India......Page 560
The Delhi Sultans......Page 564
Provincial Styles: Panjab, Sind And Kashmir......Page 571
The Turfan Region......Page 575
The Towns Of The Eastern End Of The Tarim Basin......Page 578
The Region North Of The T'ien Shan Mountains......Page 579
Towns In Mongolia......Page 583
Conclusion......Page 585
Part One - Music in the Buddhist and pre-Buddhist worlds......Page 586
Buddhist Orchestras......Page 587
The Harp......Page 588
The Eastern Iranian Lands And Transoxania......Page 595
Musical Modes......Page 597
The Academic Study Of Music......Page 599
Musical Instruments......Page 600
The Modes And Song Forms Of Turkish Music......Page 602
Military Bands......Page 603
The Sufis And Music......Page 604
Feast-days And Festivals......Page 605
Performing Artists......Page 608
Court Patronage......Page 609
Rules Of Behaviour For Performing Artists......Page 611
The Effects Of The Mongol Conquests......Page 612
The Timurid Revival......Page 613
Traditional Theatre And Dance......Page 614
Conclusion......Page 616
Maps......Page 618
Bibliography And References......Page 636
Glossary......Page 682
Index......Page 688
Back Cover......Page 702