History of Civilizations of Central Asia - Vol. 5: Development in Contrast : from the Sixteeth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
PREFACE OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT......Page 16
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE......Page 20
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 22
EDITORS’ NOTE......Page 26
INTRODUCTION......Page 28
The Kazakhstan steppes and Transoxania in the late fifteenth centur......Page 34
Muhammad Shaybani......Page 35
Abdullah Khan......Page 41
The establishment of Janid (Astarkhanid) power......Page 46
The Bukhara khanate (1611–47)......Page 47
Part Three - THE MANGHITS......Page 54
The rise of the Manghit dynasty......Page 55
The consolidation of the Manghit dynasty......Page 57
The Manghit system of government......Page 61
The sixteenth century......Page 64
The seventeenth century......Page 67
The eighteenth century......Page 69
The nineteenth century......Page 70
Russian intervention and European exploration......Page 71
The fifteenth and sixteenth centurie......Page 72
The eighteenth century......Page 74
The nineteenth century......Page 75
The sixteenth century......Page 83
The seventeenth century......Page 85
The eighteenth century and the rise of Nadir Shah......Page 86
Origins of the Kazakhs......Page 90
Formation of the Kazakh khanate......Page 91
The Kazakh hordes (zhuzs)......Page 92
The Kazakh khanate from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century......Page 94
The Dzungar invasion......Page 97
Kazakhstan as a part of Russia; the struggle for independence......Page 99
Herding, farming and urban life......Page 101
Kazakh military organization and arts......Page 103
Material and spiritual culture......Page 104
Diffusion of the Kyrgyz tribes......Page 110
The Tian Shan Kyrgyz......Page 112
Religion and beliefs of the Kyrgyz......Page 113
The Kyrgyz in Transoxania and northern Afghanistan......Page 115
The Kyrgyz in East Turkistan......Page 116
War against the Dzungar khanate......Page 117
The Kyrgyz after the fall of the Dzungar khanate......Page 119
The northern Kyrgyz in the nineteenth century......Page 120
Kyrgyz culture in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries......Page 121
The Russian conquest of Kyrgyzstan......Page 124
Origins and early history......Page 128
The sixteenth century......Page 129
The seventeenth century......Page 134
The first half of the eighteenth century: Nadir Shah......Page 135
The nineteenth century......Page 137
The Turkmen character and way of life......Page 138
Origins of the Oirat confederation......Page 142
The Oirats in the fifteenth and sixteenth centurie......Page 143
The Oirats in the early seventeenth century......Page 144
Khara Khula, the first chief of the Dzungar......Page 145
Oirat power under Güüshi Khan of the Khoshots and Ba’atur Khongtaiji of the Dzungars......Page 146
Galdan Boshoghtu, the Dzungar khan......Page 148
Conflict between the orgut chief Ayuki and the Dzungar chief Cewang Arabtan......Page 149
Galdan Cering’s reign and the fall of the Dzungar empire......Page 150
The Torguts’ return to the Ili and subsequent events......Page 151
Part Two - THE DZUNGARS AND THE TORGUTS (KALMUKS) IN CHINA......Page 152
Torgut migrations towards the northern Tian Shan......Page 153
The rise and fall of the Dzungar empire......Page 156
The Torguts’ return from the Volga......Page 160
The socio-economic and cultural development of the Oirats......Page 163
Part Three - THE PEOPLES OF SOUTHERN SIBERIA IN THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES......Page 174
The western region of southern Siberia......Page 175
The middle region of southern Siberia......Page 177
The eastern region of southern Siberia......Page 178
The Tarim basin under the Chaghatay khanate......Page 182
The Tarim basin under the Dzungar empire......Page 192
The Tarim basin under the Qing......Page 202
The Mongol empire and its collapse (late fourteenth to late fifteenth century......Page 210
New state-building in Mongolia and the conversion to Buddhism (late fifteenth to early seventeenth century......Page 212
The Manchu conquest of Mongolia and the anti-Manchu uprisings (seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century)......Page 215
Mongolia and its political status under Qing suzerainty......Page 222
The Pamirs......Page 226
Badakhshan......Page 231
Part Two - THE TRANS-PAMIR STATES......Page 236
Gilgit......Page 237
Nagir and Hunza......Page 240
Chitral......Page 241
The Khushwaqt family of Yasin and Mastuj......Page 242
Baltistan......Page 244
The rajas of Khartaksho, Shigar and Khapalu......Page 246
The birth of an empire and the emergence of present-day Iran......Page 248
Shah Ismacil I (1501–24): the founder of a dynasty based on the Safavid order......Page 249
Shah Tahmasp I (1524–76): the consolidation of the empire......Page 251
A decade of upheavals (1576–87)......Page 254
Shah cAbbas the Great (1587–1629): the rebirth of the empire on a new foundation......Page 255
The long period of decline (1629–1722)......Page 259
Anarchy: the fall of the Safavids and the rule of the Ghilzais and Abdalis (1722–9)......Page 260
Nadir Shah (1736–47): the last great Asian conqueror......Page 262
Karim Khan Zand (1750–79): calm after the storm......Page 265
Part Three - THE EARLY QAJARS AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE MODERN WORLD (1795–1848)......Page 266
Fath cAli Shah (1796–1834): the last ruler from the Thousand and One Nights......Page 267
Muhammad Shah (1834–48): ailing warrior and mild modernizer......Page 271
Towards an Afghan state......Page 274
The formation of the Afghan state......Page 281
The fall of the Safavids and the conquest of Persia......Page 284
The establishment of the Afghan state......Page 286
Political history......Page 300
The imperial structure......Page 307
The social and economic framework......Page 311
High culture......Page 313
State and religion......Page 314
Decline of the empire (1707–1857)......Page 317
Kashmir, Punjab and Sind under the Mughals and their successors......Page 318
Eastern Central Asia......Page 326
The Mughal Indian empire and the Uzbeks......Page 330
The Safavid empire and the Mughals......Page 332
The nomads and the Transoxanian states......Page 333
The Portuguese Estado da India and Central Asian trade......Page 336
The seventeenth century: the intrusion of the Companies......Page 337
Rise of the British colonial empire......Page 338
Russian expansion......Page 340
Nomadic societies......Page 344
Sedentary societies......Page 349
Transoxania......Page 356
Iran......Page 361
India......Page 367
Geographic conditions......Page 374
The nomadic economy......Page 375
Agriculture......Page 377
Handicrafts......Page 380
The organization of handicrafts......Page 381
Individual crafts......Page 383
Southern Central Asia......Page 393
Kashmir......Page 394
The Indus plains......Page 398
The Afghan highlands......Page 401
Sistan and Khurasan......Page 404
Balkh and Badakhshan......Page 406
The pattern of trade......Page 408
The eighteenth century......Page 415
The early nineteenth century......Page 417
The 1820s......Page 419
The English involvement......Page 421
The period 1837–50......Page 422
The monetary reforms of Muhammad Shaybani Khan, 1507–10......Page 428
The currency crisis and the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan......Page 433
Monetary policy following the reforms of Kuchkunchi Khan......Page 435
The pre-reform situation and the monetary reforms of cAbdullah Khan II in the late seventeenth century......Page 438
Monetary policy and currency circulation under the Janids (Astarkhanids) in the seventeenth century......Page 440
Gold and silver in the eighteenth century. The reforms of 1785......Page 442
East Turkistan (Xinjiang)......Page 445
Money in the Kokand khanate......Page 446
Money in the Bukhara emirate......Page 447
Money in the Khiva khanate......Page 449
Part Three - THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN SAFAVID PERSIA......Page 452
Part Four - THE MONETARY SYSTEM AND PRICE MOVEMENTS IN INDIA......Page 455
The space for reason......Page 462
Mathematics and astronomy......Page 465
Medicine......Page 467
Irrigation......Page 468
Water and wind power......Page 470
Craft technology......Page 472
Artillery......Page 475
Urban planning......Page 478
Architectural design and methods......Page 480
Religious architecture......Page 481
Civic architecture......Page 490
Architectural ensembles......Page 494
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries......Page 504
Early trends......Page 509
Indian features......Page 512
Early Mughal architecture......Page 513
Other types of mausoleum......Page 516
Secular buildings......Page 518
The new mosque style......Page 522
The Mughal synthesis of styles......Page 523
Tian Shan Nanlu......Page 528
Tian Shan Beilu......Page 537
Part Four - MONGOL ARCHITECTURE......Page 542
Religious monuments......Page 546
Urban development......Page 552
The Safavids (1501–1736)......Page 556
The Afshars (1735–47) and the Zands (1747–94)......Page 579
The Qajars: from Agha Muhammad Khan to Muhammad Shah’s reign (1795–1848)......Page 580
The Shaybanids (Bukhara, 1500–98) and the Janids (Astarkhanids) (Bukhara, 1599–1753)......Page 582
Babur in India (1526–30) and the creation of Mughal India......Page 586
Prince Kamran and Humayun (1530–56)......Page 587
Akbar (1556–1605) and the birth of Mughal painting......Page 588
Jahangir (1605–27)......Page 598
Allegorical portraits and dynastic legitimacy......Page 601
The apogee of Mughal painting under Jahangir and Shah Jahan......Page 603
The last Mughals......Page 607
Xinjiang......Page 611
Mongolia......Page 617
Metalwork......Page 630
Copperware and bronze(or brass)ware......Page 631
Steelware......Page 640
Arms......Page 642
Gold and silverware......Page 646
Ceramics......Page 653
Sculpture......Page 657
Iran......Page 660
India......Page 662
Transoxania......Page 664
Part Two - TEXTILE ARTS IN TRANSOXANIA......Page 667
Craft workers and guilds......Page 668
Silk manufacture......Page 669
Classification of textiles......Page 670
Conclusion......Page 680
Part Three - CARPETS......Page 681
Khurasan (north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan)......Page 682
Western Turkistan......Page 687
Transoxania......Page 689
East Turkistan (Xinjiang)......Page 693
Mongolia and north-western China......Page 696
Northern India......Page 697
Part One - LITERATURE IN PERSIAN......Page 702
Principal prose works......Page 703
Major poets of Transoxania, Khurasan, Iran and India......Page 708
Lexicography......Page 716
Part Two - LITERATURE IN PASHTO......Page 717
Kashmiri......Page 720
Panjabi......Page 721
Hindustani (Urdu and Hindi)......Page 722
Appendix - THE LANGUAGES OF AFGHANISTAN......Page 723
Chaghatay/Uzbek literature......Page 730
Chaghatay Turki in Xinjiang......Page 734
Karakalpak (Qara-Qalpaq) literature......Page 735
Turkmen literature......Page 736
Turkic epic poetry......Page 737
Part Two - THE EPIC TRADITION AND HISTORICAL LITERATURE IN TURKIC......Page 739
Part Three - MONGOLIAN LITERATURE......Page 744
Part Four - MONGOLIAN LEXICOGRAPHY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY......Page 753
Introduction......Page 760
Philosophy......Page 761
Mystical philosophy......Page 766
Conclusion......Page 771
MAPS......Page 828
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES......Page 842
GLOSSARY......Page 914
INDEX......Page 920
BACK COVER......Page 936