Histopathology Reporting: Guidelines for Surgical Cancer

Preface to the Fourth Edition
Contents
1: Introduction
	Gross Description
		Specimen
		Tumour
			Site
			Size
			Appearance
			Edge
	Histological Type
	Differentiation/Grade
	Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Blocks
		Border
		Lymphocytic Reaction
		Perineural Spread
		Breslow Depth/Clark Level
		TNM (Tumour Node Metastasis) Classification
		TNM Optional Descriptors
		Prefix
		Suffix
	Lymphovascular Invasion (LVI)
		Definition
		Significance
		Vascular Involvement
	Lymph Nodes
		What Is a Node?
		Isolated Tumour Cells and Micrometastases
		Sentinel Node
		Limit Node
		Extracapsular Spread
	Excision Margins
		TNM Resection Classification
	Other Pathology
	Other Malignancy
		Ancillary Techniques
		Photography
		Cytology
		Frozen Sections
		Histochemical Stains
		Immunohistochemistry
		Tumour Type
		Prognosis
		Potential Treatment Response
		Electron Microscopy
		Molecular and Chromosomal Studies
		Quantitative Methods
		Error, Audit, Quality Assurance, Clinical Governance and Digital Microscopy
	Bibliography
Part I
	2: Oesophageal Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Other Pathology
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Spindle Cell Carcinoma (Polypoid Carcinoma/Carcinosarcoma)
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Mucoepidermoid/Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma/GISTs
			Sarcoma
			Others
		Bibliography
	3: Gastric Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma Variants
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Tumours
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Early Gastric Cancer (EGC)
			Macroscopic/Endoscopic Classification of EGC
			Predisposing Lesions
			Polyps
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Gastric Carcinoid Tumours
			Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal or Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
			Miscellaneous Rare Malignancy
		Bibliography
	4: Ampulla of Vater and Head of Pancreas Carcinomas
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Ampulla
			Pancreas
				Exocrine
				Neuroendocrine/Endocrine Tumours
				Mixed Neuroendocrine Non-neuroendocrine Neoplasms (MINENs)
				Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Ampulla
			Pancreas
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Ampulla
			Pancreas
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
			Neoadjuvant Treatment
		Other Malignancy
			Leukaemia
				Malignant Lymphoma
				Sarcoma
		Bibliography
	5: Small Intestinal Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumour
			Others
			Metastatic Carcinoma
			Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal or Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
			Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Leukaemia
		Bibliography
	6: Colorectal Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Perforation
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
			Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma
			Others
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Venous, Lymphatic and Perineural Invasion
		Lymph Nodes and Tumour Deposits
			Distant Metastatic Disease
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Predisposing Conditions
			Malignant Polyps
			Associated Conditions
			Immunophenotype
			Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Therapy
			Recurrent or Metastatic Disease
			Stage
			Resection
			Prognosis
				Adverse Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
			Neuroendocrine Tumour/Carcinoma
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
			Malignant Melanoma
			Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Teratoma
		Bibliography
	7: Appendiceal Lesions
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Adenoma
			Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN)
			High Grade Appendiceal Neoplasm (HAMN)
			Adenocarcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Adenocarcinoma
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Serrated Polyps
			Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
		Bibliography
	8: Anal Canal Neoplasia (with Comments on Pelvic Exenteration)
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Anal Margin/Perianal Skin
			Anal Canal
			Others
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Presacral Tumours
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Comments on Pelvic Exenteration
		Bibliography
			Pelvic Exenteration
	9: Gall Bladder Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Tumour/Carcinoma
			Spindle Cell Carcinoma/Carcinosarcoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma/Melanoma
			Malignant Melanoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Sarcoma (Rare)
		Bibliography
	10: Perihilar and Distal Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Adenocarcinoma
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Tumour/Carcinoma
			Carcinosarcoma/Spindle Cell Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Distal
			Perihilar
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Mesenchymal
				Benign
				Malignant
		Bibliography
	11: Liver Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
			Combined Hepatocellular/Cholangiocarcinoma
			Hepatoblastoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Budd Chiari Syndrome
			Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Cholangiocarcinoma
			Differential Diagnosis of Hepatic Mass Lesions
			Prognosis
			Fibrolamellar Carcinoma
			Pedunculated Carcinoma
			Minute, Small Encapsulated Carcinoma
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Angiosarcoma
			Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
			Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Embryonal Sarcoma
			Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Leiomyosarcoma, Fibrosarcoma
			Well Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumour
			Mimics of Malignancy
		Bibliography
Part II
	General Comments
		Prognosis
		Type
		Grade
		Size
		Depth
		Invasive front
		Margins of Excision
		Lymphovascular and Perineural Spread
		Bone Invasion
		Lymph Node Status
		Bibliography
	12: Lip and Oral Cavity Carcinomas
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Salivary Gland Tumours
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Predisposing Factors
			Clinical
			Histological: Dysplasia
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
			Plasmacytoma/Myeloma
			Odontogenic/Osseous Cancers by Direct Spread
				Sarcoma
				Granular Cell Tumour
		Bibliography
	13: Oropharyngeal Carcinoma (with Comments on Nasopharynx and Hypopharynx)
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Salivary Gland Tumours
			Malignant Melanoma
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Oropharynx, p16 Positive
			Oropharynx if Negative or Untested for p16, and Hypopharynx
			Nasopharynxa
		Lymphovascular Invasion
			Lymph Nodes
			Oropharynx, p16 Positive
			Oropharynx if Negative or Untested for p16, and Hypopharynx
			Nasopharynx
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Plasmacytoma/Myeloma
			Sarcoma
		Bibliography
	14: Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Carcinomas
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC)
			NUT Carcinoma
			SMARCB1-Deficient Carcinomas
			Adenocarcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Maxillary Sinus (Figs. 14.3, 14.4, and 14.5)
			Nasal Cavity and Ethmoid Sinus
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Plasmacytoma/Myeloma
				Sarcomas
			Olfactory Neuroblastoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour (PNET)
			Chordoma
		Bibliography
	15: Laryngeal Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
			Adenocarcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Supraglottis
			Glottis
			Subglottis
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Plasmacytoma/Myeloma
			Sarcoma
			Malignant Melanoma
		Bibliography
	16: Salivary Gland Tumours
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Gland
		Histological Type
			Adenomas
			Carcinomas
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Metastatic Tumour
		Differentiation (i.e. Grading)
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Fibrosarcoma, Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
			Malignant Lymphoma
		Bibliography
Part III
	17: Lung Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Pulmonary Changes
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Large Cell Carcinoma
			Miscellaneous
			Neuroendocrine Tumours/Carcinomas
			Salivary Gland Type Adenocarcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
			Tissue Diagnosis
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Leukaemia
			Malignant Lymphoma
			MALT Lymphoma
			Primary or Secondary Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
			T Cell Rich Large B Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder/Malignant Lymphoma (EBV Related)
			Intravascular Malignant Lymphoma
			Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD)
			Other Haematopoietic Malignancy
			Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma (Intravascular Sclerosing Bronchioloalveolar Tumour (IVSBAT))
			Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Angiosarcoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Sarcomas Including Synovial Sarcoma, Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma (Embryonal Children, Pleomorphic Adults)
		Bibliography
	18: Malignant Mesothelioma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Multilocular Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts (Multicystic Peritoneal Mesothelioma)
			Well Differentiated Papillary Peritoneal Mesothelioma
			Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Adenomatoid Tumour
			Localised Solitary Fibrous Tumour
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
		Bibliography
	19: Mediastinal Cancer
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Metastatic Carcinoma
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Germ Cell Tumours
			Neurogenic Tumours
			Sarcoma
			Thymoma
			Thymic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
			Metastatic Carcinoma
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Germ Cell Tumours
			Neurogenic Tumours
			Thymoma
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Thymoma (After Masaoka-Koga Staging System)
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Associations
			Immunophenotype
			Cystic Change
			Prognosis
		Bibliography
Part IV
	20: Non-Melanocytic Skin Cancers
		Introduction
		Gross description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			Adnexal Carcinoma
			Paget’s Disease
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Merkel Cell or Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Skin
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Primary Tumour Staging
			Merkel Cell Carcinoma
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
			Merkel Cell Carcinoma
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
		Other Malignancy
			Leukaemia
			Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma
			T Cell, Indolent Behaviour
			T Cell, Aggressive Behaviour
			Primary Cutaneous B Cell, Indolent Behaviour (>95% 5 Year Survival)
			B Cell, Intermediate Behaviour
			B Cell, Aggressive Behaviour
			Maligant Lymphoma: Secondary
			Other
			Sarcoma
		Bibliography
	21: Malignant Melanoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
		Histological Type
			Melanoma In Situ
			Malignant Melanoma
				Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
				Superficial Spreading Malignant Melanoma
				Nodular Malignant Melanoma
				Acral (Lentiginous) Malignant Melanoma
				Mucosal Melanoma
				Others
			Vertical and Radial Growth Phase
				Breslow Depth or Thickness (mm)
				Anatomical Clark Level
				TNM8 Staging Fig. 21.2
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Parameters to Report
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Bibliography
Part V
	22: Breast Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen Type and Laterality
			Tumour
			Size
			Appearance
			Edge
		Histological Type
			In Situ Carcinoma
				Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
				Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
				Microinvasion
				Invasive Carcinoma
				Ductal
				Lobular
				Special Types
				Mixed Types
				Others
				Pure Carcinoma
				Mixed Carcinoma
				Metastatic Carcinoma
		Invasive Tumour Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			In Situ change
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
			Axillary Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Reporting Categories for Breast Fine Needle Aspirates and Wide Bore Needle Core Biopsies
			Prognosis
			Hormonal and HER2 Receptor Status
				Oestrogen/Progesterone Receptor (ER/PR) Expression
				Scoring System: “H-score”
				Scoring System: Allred or “Quick Score”
				HER2 neu (c-erbB2) Expression
				Immunophenotype: Miscellaneous Markers for Breast Cancer
		Other Malignancy
			Phyllodes Tumour
			Sarcoma
			Haematological Malignancy
		References
Part VI
	23: Ovarian Tumours (with Comments on Fallopian Tube)
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Epithelial
			Malignant Mixed Mesodermal Tumour (Carcinosarcoma)
			Sex Cord/Stromal
			Steroid Cell Tumours
			Germ Cell Tumours
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
			Adenocarcinoma
			Borderline (Low Malignant Potential)
			Sex Cord/Stromal
			Germ Cell
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			FIGO
			TNM Staging (FIGO Staging in Parenthesis)
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Omentum/Peritoneum
			Endosalpingiosis
			Implants
			Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
			Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
			Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype in the Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumours
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
			Sarcoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Others
		Comments on Fallopian Tube Carcinoma
			FIGO
		References
	24: Endometrial Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Extent
				Adjacent Endometrium
		Histological Type
			Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
			Serous (Papillary) Adenocarcinoma
			Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
			Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Mixed
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumours (MMMT)
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Endometrium
			Myometrium
			Serosa
			Vagina
			Parametrium
			Endocervix/Exocervix
			Fallopian Tubes/Ovaries
			Omentum
			FIGO
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Uterus
			Ovary
			Other Comments
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma
			Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcoma
			Leiomyomatous Tumours
			Choriocarcinoma/Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumour (PSTT)
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Others
		Bibliography
	25: Cervical Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Extent
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
			Mixed Tumours
			Miscellaneous Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Other Neuroendocrine Tumours
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Infiltration
			FIGO/TNM
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			FIGO IA Carcinoma
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Melanoma
			Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Adenosarcoma
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
		Bibliography
	26: Vaginal Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
			Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
			Adenoid Basal Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Transitional Cell Carcinoma
			Carcinoid Tumour
			Endodermal Sinus Tumour
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			FIGO
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VAIN): Grades I/II/III
			Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)/Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN)
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Sarcoma Botryoides)
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Müllerian Stromal Sarcomas and Other Sarcomas
		References
	27: Vulval Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Variants
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Paget’s Disease
			Merkel Cell Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Lichen Sclerosus
			Condyloma
			Bowenoid Papulosis
			Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) Grades 1/2/3
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Adnexal/Bartholin’s Gland Carcinomas
			Aggressive Angiomyxoma
			Sarcomas
			Others
		References
	28: Gestational Trophoblastic Tumours
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Choriocarcinoma
			Invasive Hydatidiform Mole (Chorioadenoma Destruens)
			Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumour (PSTT)
			Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumour (ETT)
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			TNM (FIGO)
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Complete Hydatidiform Mole
			Partial Hydatidiform Mole
			Hydropic Degeneration
			Other Comments
		References
Part VII
	29: Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis/Ureter Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Compression/Infiltration of Structures
		Histological Type
			Renal Cell Carcinoma (WHO 2016 Classification of Renal Neoplasms)
			Adenocarcinoma
			Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
			Renal Pelvis/Ureter Carcinoma
				Urothelial Carcinoma (Transitional Cell Carcinoma)
				Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Adenocarcinoma
				Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
				Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
			Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Tumour Cell Necrosis
			Urothelial Carcinoma
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Capsule, Perirenal Fat, Medulla
			Adrenal Gland
			Renal Vein
			Pelvis, Ureter
			Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Pelvis/Ureter Carcinoma
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
			Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Pelvis/Ureter Carcinoma
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Leiomyosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Synovial Sarcoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma/Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumour (PNET)
			Angiomyolipoma with Malignant Transformation
		References
	30: Bladder Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Urothelial Carcinoma
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Urothelial Carcinoma with Divergent Differentiation
			Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Cytological Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Diagnostic Criteria for Urothelial Carcinoma
				Carcinoma In Situ (CIS)
				Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
			Growth Pattern
				Papillary, Exophytic
				Sessile/Solid
				Endophytic and Non-Invasive, or Invasive
				Microinvasion
			Pathological Predictors of Prognosis
			Additional Comments
				Biopsies
				Resection Specimen Blocks
			Post-Operative Necrobiotic Granuloma
			Immunophenotype
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Carcinoid Tumour
			Paraganglioma (Phaeochromocytoma)
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Other Sarcomas
			Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Choriocarcinoma and Yolk sac Tumour
		Bibliography
	31: Prostate Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Prostatic Acinar Adenocarcinoma
			Histologic Variants (Acinar Adenocarcinoma)
				Pseudohyperplastic Adenocarcinoma
				Atrophic Adenocarcinoma
				Microcystic Adenocarcinoma
				Mucinous (Colloid) Adenocarcinoma
				Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma
				Pleomorphic Giant Cell Adenocarcinoma
				Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
			Non-Acinar Adenocarcinoma
				Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
				Adenosquamous/Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma
				Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Prostate
				Basal Cell Carcinoma and Clear Cell Carcinoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
			Gleason Score for Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
			Grade Groups
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
			Serum PSA Level
			Immunophenotype
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
		References
	32: Urethral Carcinoma
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Urothelial Carcinoma
			Adenocarcinoma
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
			Small Cell Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation/Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Urethra (Male and Female)
			Urothelial Carcinoma of Prostatic Urethra
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Aggressive Angiomyxoma
		References
	33: Testicular Cancer
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Seminoma
			Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumours
			Teratoma
			Embryonal Carcinoma (EC/MTU: Malignant Teratoma Undifferentiated)
			Yolk Sac Tumour (YST)
				Choriocarcinoma (MTT: Malignant Teratoma Trophoblastic)
			Mixed Germ Cell Tumour
			Mixed Germ Cell and Sex Cord Stromal Tumour
			Sex Cord Stromal Tumours
			Other Tumours
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Clinical Stage
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Leukaemia
			Plasmacytoma
			Paratesticular Tumours: Sarcomas (Liposarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Leiomyosarcoma), Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis, Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour, Mullerian Tumours
		References
	34: Penile Carcinoma
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
		Histological Type
			Squamous Cell Carcinoma
				Variants (In Order of Frequency)
			Basal Cell Carcinoma
			Urothelial Carcinoma
			Malignant Melanoma
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Predisposing Factors and Lesions
			Squamous Hyperplasia (Leukoplakia)
			Lichen Sclerosus (LS)
			PeIN/SIL (Erythroplasia de Queyrat/Bowen’s Disease/Bowenoid Papulosis)
			Condyloma Accuminatum
			Extramammary Paget’s Disease
			Clinical Mimics of Penile Cancer
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
			Sarcoma
			Malignant Lymphoma
		References
Part VIII
	35: Nodal Malignant Lymphoma (With Comments on Extranodal Malignant Lymphoma and Metastatic Cancer)
		Introduction
		Gross Description and Morphological Recognition
			Specimen
				Low Power Magnification
				High Power Magnification
		Histological Type and Differentiation/Grade
			Non-Hodgkin’s Malignant Lymphoma
			Hodgkin’s Malignant Lymphoma
				WHO Classification
				Lymphocyte and Histiocyte (L and H) Predominant: Multilobated “Popcorn” Cell
				Nodular Sclerosis: Lacunar Cell
				Mixed Cellularity: Reed Sternberg Cell
				Lymphocyte Rich Classic
				Lymphocyte Depleted
				Other Features
				Immunophenotype
				Differential Diagnoses in Haematolymphoid Pathology
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Immunophenotype
			Molecular Techniques
		Characteristic Lymphomas
			Precursor B Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
			Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma
			Marginal Zone Lymphoma of MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
			Hairy Cell Leukaemia
			Mantle Cell Lymphoma
			Follicular Lymphoma
			Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
			Burkitt Lymphoma
			Precursor T Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukaemia
			Angioimmunoblastic T Cell Lymphoma
			Mycosis Fungoides
			Sézary Syndrome
			Subcutaneous Panniculitis Like T Cell Lymphoma
			Enteropathy Associated T Cell Lymphoma
			Hepatosplenic Gamma Delta T Cell Lymphoma
			Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma, Unspecified
			Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
			Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)
			Granulocytic (Myeloid) Sarcoma
		Extranodal Lymphoma
		Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
		References
Part IX
	36: Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas (With Comments on Retroperitoneum)
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Vessels
		Histological Type
			Liposarcoma
			Leiomyosarcoma
			Synovial Sarcoma
			Undifferentiated Sarcoma
			Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)
			Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour (MPNST)
			Angiosarcoma
			Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
			Kaposi’s Sarcoma
			Epithelioid Sarcoma
			Clear Cell Sarcoma of Tendon Sheath
			Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
			Pecomas
			Small Round Cell Tumours
			Chondrosarcoma
			Osteosarcoma
			Differential Diagnosis
		Differentiation/Grade
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
			Soft Tissue Sarcoma
			Extremity and Superficial Trunk
			Retroperitoneum
			Head and Neck
			Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera
			Bone Sarcoma
			Appendicular Skeleton, Trunk, Skull and Facial Bones
			Spine
			Pelvis
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Cytogenetic and Molecular Analysis
			Prognosis
		Other Malignancy
		Comments on Retroperitoneum
		References
			Retroperitoneum
Part X
	37: Intraocular Malignancy
		Gross Description
			Enucleation
				Specimen Description
				Tumour Description
				Sampling
			Exenterations
			Intraocular Biopsies
		Histological Type
			Melanoma
				Retinoblastoma
				Lymphoma
				Rarer Intraocular Primary Tumours
				Metastases to the Eye
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Prognosis
		Further Reading
	38: Extraocular Malignancy
		Gross Description
			Eyelid Biopsies
			Conjunctiva
			Orbital Biopsy
			Exenteration
		Microscopy
			Eyelid Cancers
			Conjunctival Cancers
			Orbital Cancers
			Benign Pitfalls
		Excision Margins
		Staging
		Further Reading
Part XI
	39: Thyroid Gland Tumours (With Comments on Parathyroid and Adrenal Gland)
		Introduction
		Gross Description
			Specimen
			Tumour
				Site
				Size
				Appearance
				Edge
				Gland
		Histological Type
			Follicular Adenoma
			Papillary Carcinoma
			Follicular Carcinoma
			Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma
			Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
			Non-Invasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features (NIFTP)
			Follicular Patterned Tumours of Uncertain Malignant Potential (UMPs)
			Medullary Carcinoma
			Miscellaneous
			Metastatic Carcinoma
		Differentiation
		Extent of Local Tumour Spread
		Lymphovascular Invasion
		Lymph Nodes
		Excision Margins
		Other Pathology
			Immunophenotype
			Prognosis
			Differentiated Malignancy
			Malignancy of Intermediate Differentiation
			Undifferentiated Malignancy
			Other Malignant Lesions
		Other Malignancy
			Malignant Lymphoma
			Angiosarcoma
		Parathyroid
		Adrenal Gland
			Immunophenotype of Adrenal Neoplasms
			TMN8 Stage of Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma
		References
			Parathyroid
			Adrenal Gland
Index