Histology. A Text and Atlas With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology

Front Cover
The Author
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
CONTENTS (with direct page links)
1. Methods
	OVERVIEW OF METHODS USED IN HISTOLOGY
	TISSUE PREPARATION
		Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining with Formalin Fixation
		Other Fixatives
		Other Staining Procedures
	HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY
		Chemical Composition of Histologic Samples
		Chemical Basis of Staining
		Enzyme Digestion
		Enzyme Histochemistry
		Immunocytochemistry
		Hybridization Techniques
		Autoradiography
	MICROSCOPY
		Light Microscopy
		Examination of a Histologic Slide Preparation in the Light Microscope
		Other Optical Systems
		Electron Microscopy
		Atomic Force Microscopy
		Virtual Microscopy
	HISTOLOGY 101: Methods
2. Cell Cytoplasm
	OVERVIEW OF THE CELL AND CYTOPLASM
	MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
		Plasma Membrane
		Signaling Processes
		Membrane Transport and Vesicular Transport
		Endosomes
		Lysosomes
		Proteasome-Mediated Degradation
		Rough-Surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum
		Smooth-Surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum
		Golgi Apparatus
		Mitochondria
		Peroxisomes (Microbodies)
	NONMEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
		Microtubules
		Actin Filaments
		Intermediate Filaments
		Centrioles and Microtubule-Organizing Centers
		Basal Bodies
	INCLUSIONS
	CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX
	HISTOLOGY 101: Cell Cytoplasm
3. The Cell Nucleus
	OVERVIEW OF THE NUCLEUS
	NUCLEAR COMPONENTS
		Chromatin
		Nucleolus
		Nuclear Envelope
		Nucleoplasm
	CELL RENEWAL
	CELL CYCLE
		Phases and Checkpoints within the Cell Cycle
		Regulation of the Cell Cycle
		Mitosis
		Meiosis
	CELL DEATH
		Apoptosis
		Other Forms of Programmed Cell Death
	HISTOLOGY 101: The Cell Nucleus
4. Tissues: Concept and Classification
	OVERVIEW OF TISSUES
	EPITHELIUM
	CONNECTIVE TISSUE
	MUSCLE TISSUE
	NERVE TISSUE
	HISTOGENESIS OF TISSUES
		Ectodermal Derivatives
		Mesodermal Derivatives
		Endodermal Derivatives
	IDENTIFYING TISSUES
	HISTOLOGY 101: Tissues: Concept and Classification
5. Epithelial Tissue
	OVERVIEW OF EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
	CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM
	CELL POLARITY
	THE APICAL DOMAIN AND ITS MODIFICATIONS
		Microvilli
		Stereocilia
		Cilia
	THE LATERAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECIALIZATIONS IN CELL-TO-CELL ADHESION
		Occluding Junctions
		Anchoring Junctions
		Communicating Junctions
		Morphologic Specializations of the Lateral Cell Surface
	THE BASAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECIALIZATIONS IN CELL-TO-EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ADHESION
		Basement Membrane Structure and Function
		Cell-to-Extracellular Matrix Junctions
		Morphologic Modifications of the Basal Cell Surface
	GLANDS
	EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL
	HISTOLOGY 101: Epithelial Tissue
6. Connective Tissue
	OVERVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
	EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
	CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
	CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
		Collagen Fibers and Fibrils
		Biosynthesis and Degradation of Collagen Fibers
		Reticular Fibers
		Elastic Fibers
	EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
	CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
		Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts
		Macrophages
		Mast Cells
		Basophils
		Adipocytes
		Adult Stem Cells and Pericytes
		Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, and Other Cells of the Immune System
	HISTOLOGY 101: Connective Tissue
7. Cartilage
	OVERVIEW OF CARTILAGE
	HYALINE CARTILAGE
	ELASTIC CARTILAGE
	FIBROCARTILAGE
	CHONDROGENESIS AND CARTILAGE GROWTH
	REPAIR OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
	HISTOLOGY 101: Cartilage
8. Bone
	OVERVIEW OF BONE
	GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES
		Bone as an Organ
		Outer Surface of Bones
		Bone Cavities
	TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
		Mature Bone
		Immature Bone
	CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
		Osteoprogenitor Cells
		Osteoblasts
		Osteocytes
		Bone-Lining Cells
		Osteoclasts
	BONE FORMATION
		Intramembranous Ossification
		Endochondral Ossification
		Growth of Endochondral Bone
		Development of the Osteonal (Haversian) System
	BIOLOGIC MINERALIZATION AND MATRIX VESICLES
	PHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF BONE
	BIOLOGY OF BONE REPAIR
	HISTOLOGY 101: Bone
9. Adipose Tissue
	OVERVIEW OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
	WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE
		Function of White Adipose Tissue
		Differentiation of Adipocytes
		Structure of Adipocytes and Adipose Tissue
		Regulation of Adipose Tissue
	BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE
	TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
	HISTOLOGY 101: Adipose Tissue
10. Blood
	OVERVIEW OF BLOOD
	PLASMA
	ERYTHROCYTES
	LEUKOCYTES
		Neutrophils
		Eosinophils
		Basophils
		Lymphocytes
		Monocytes
	THROMBOCYTES
	COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
	FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS (HEMOPOIESIS)
		Monophyletic Theory of Hemopoiesis
		Development of Erythrocytes (Erythropoiesis)
		Kinetics of Erythropoiesis
		Development of Thrombocytes (Thrombopoiesis)
		Development of Granulocytes (Granulopoiesis)
		Kinetics of Granulopoiesis
		Development of Monocytes
		Development of Lymphocytes (Lymphopoiesis)
	BONE MARROW
	HISTOLOGY 101: Blood
11. Muscle Tissue
	OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLE
	SKELETAL MUSCLE
		Myofibrils and Myofilaments
		The Actomyosin Cross-Bridge Cycle
		Regulation of Muscle Contraction
		Motor Innervation
		Sensory Innervation
		Development, Repair, Healing, and Renewal
	CARDIAC MUSCLE
		Structure of Cardiac Muscle
		Injury and Repair
	SMOOTH MUSCLE
		Structure of Smooth Muscle
		Functional Aspects of Smooth Muscle
		Renewal, Repair, and Differentiation
	HISTOLOGY 101: Muscle Tissue
12. Nerve Tissue
	OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
	COMPOSITION OF NERVE TISSUE
	THE NEURON
		Cell Body
		Dendrites and Axons
		Synapses
		Axonal Transport Systems
	SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE NEUROGLIA
		Peripheral Neuroglia
		Schwann Cells and the Myelin Sheath
		Satellite Cells
		Central Neuroglia
		Impulse Conduction
	ORIGIN OF NERVE TISSUE CELLS
	ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
		Peripheral Nerves
		Connective Tissue Components of a Peripheral Nerve
		Afferent (Sensory) Receptors
	ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
		Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Enteric Division of the Autonomic Nervous System
		A Summarized View of Autonomic Distribution
	ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
		Cells of the Gray Matter
		Organization of the Spinal Cord
		Connective Tissue of the Central Nervous System
		Blood–Brain Barrier
	RESPONSE OF NEURONS TO INJURY
		Degeneration
		Regeneration
	HISTOLOGY 101: Nerve Tissue
13. Cardiovascular System
	OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
	HEART
		Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Rate
		Systemic Regulation of Heart Function
	GENERAL FEATURES OF ARTERIES AND VEINS
		Layers of Vascular Wall
		Vascular Endothelium
	ARTERIES
		Large Arteries (Elastic Arteries)
		Medium Arteries (Muscular Arteries)
		Small Arteries and Arterioles
	CAPILLARIES
		Classification of Capillaries
		Functional Aspects of Capillaries
	ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS
	VEINS
		Venules and Small Veins
		Medium Veins
		Large Veins
	ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS
	LYMPHATIC VESSELS
	HISTOLOGY 101: Cardiovascular System
14. Lymphatic System
	OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
	CELLS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		Overview
		Lymphocytes
		Antigen-Presenting Cells
	LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND ORGANS
		Lymphatic Vessels
		Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue and Lymphatic Nodules
		Lymph Nodes
		Cells of the Reticular Meshwork
		Thymus
		Spleen
	HISTOLOGY 101: Lymphatic System
15. Integumentary System
	OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
	LAYERS OF THE SKIN
		Epidermis
		Dermis
	CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS
		Keratinocytes
		Melanocytes
		Langerhans’ Cells
		Merkel’s Cells
	STRUCTURES OF SKIN
		Nerve Supply
		Epidermal Skin Appendages
	HISTOLOGY 101: Integumentary System
16. Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures
	OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
	ORAL CAVITY
	TONGUE
	TEETH AND SUPPORTING TISSUES
		Enamel
		Cementum
		Dentin
		Dental Pulp and Central Pulp Cavity (Pulp Chamber)
		Supporting Tissues of the Teeth
	SALIVARY GLANDS
		Secretory Gland Acini
		Salivary Ducts
		Major Salivary Glands
		Saliva
	HISTOLOGY 101: Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures
17. Digestive System II: Esophagus and Gastrointestinal Tract
	OVERVIEW OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
		Mucosa
		Submucosa
		Muscularis Externa
		Serosa and Adventitia
	ESOPHAGUS
	STOMACH
		Gastric Mucosa
		Epithelial Cell Renewal in the Stomach
		Lamina Propria and Muscularis Mucosae
		Gastric Submucosa
		Gastric Muscularis Externa
		Gastric Serosa
	SMALL INTESTINE
		Submucosa
		Muscularis Externa
		Serosa
		Epithelial Cell Renewal in the Small Intestine
	LARGE INTESTINE
		Mucosa
		Epithelial Cell Renewal in the Large Intestine
		Lamina Propria
		Muscularis Externa
		Submucosa and Serosa
		Cecum and Appendix
		Rectum and Anal Canal
	HISTOLOGY 101: Digestive System II : Esophagus and Gastrointestinal Tract
18. Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
	LIVER
		Overview
		Liver Physiology
		Blood Supply to the Liver
		Structural Organization of the Liver
		Lymphatic Pathway
		Hepatocytes
		Biliary Tree
	GALLBLADDER
	PANCREAS
		Overview
		Exocrine Pancreas
		Duct System of the Exocrine Pancreas
		Endocrine Pancreas
	HISTOLOGY 101: Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
19. Respiratory System
	OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
	NASAL CAVITIES
		Vestibule of the Nasal Cavity
		Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity
		Olfactory Region of the Nasal Cavity
		Paranasal Sinuses
	PHARYNX
	LARYNX
	TRACHEA
		Tracheal Epithelium
		Basement Membrane, Lamina Propria, and Submucosa
	BRONCHI
	BRONCHIOLES
		Bronchiolar Structure
		Bronchiolar Function
	ALVEOLI
	BLOOD SUPPLY
	LYMPHATIC VESSELS
	NERVES
	HISTOLOGY 101: Respiratory System
20. Urinary System
	OVERVIEW OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
	GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
		Capsule
		Cortex and Medulla
		Kidney Lobes and Lobules
		The Nephron
		General Organization of the Nephron
		Tubules of the Nephron
		Types of Nephrons
		Collecting Ducts
		Filtration Apparatus of the Kidney
		Mesangium
		Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
	KIDNEY TUBULE FUNCTION
		Proximal Convoluted Tubule
		Proximal Straight Tubule
		Thin Segment of Loop of Henle
		Distal Straight Tubule
		Distal Convoluted Tubule
		Connecting Tubule
		Cortical and Medullary Collecting Ducts
	INTERSTITIAL CELLS
	HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEY
	BLOOD SUPPLY
	LYMPHATIC VESSELS
	NERVE SUPPLY
	URETER, URINARY BLADDER, AND URETHRA
		Ureters
		Urinary Bladder
		Urethra
	HISTOLOGY 101: Urinary System
21. Endocrine Organs
	OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
		Hormones and Their Receptors
		Regulation of Hormone Secretion and Feedback Mechanism
	PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)
		Gross Structure and Development
		Blood Supply
		Nerve Supply
		Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
		Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
	HYPOTHALAMUS
	PINEAL GLAND
	THYROID GLAND
	PARATHYROID GLANDS
	ADRENAL GLANDS
		Blood Supply
		Cells of the Adrenal Medulla
		Zonation of the Adrenal Cortex
		Zona Glomerulosa
		Zona Fasciculata
		Zona Reticularis
		Fetal Adrenal Gland
	HISTOLOGY 101: Endocrine Organs
22. Male Reproductive System
	OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
	TESTIS
		Gender Determination and Development of the Testis
		Structure of the Testis
		Leydig Cells
	SPERMATOGENESIS
		Spermatogonial Phase
		Spermatocyte Phase (Meiosis)
		Spermatid Phase (Spermiogenesis)
		Structure of the Mature Sperm
	SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
		Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium
		Waves of the Seminiferous Epithelium
		Sertoli Cells
	INTRATESTICULAR DUCTS
	EXCURRENT DUCT SYSTEM
		Epididymis
		Ductus Deferens
	ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
	PROSTATE GLAND
		Bulbourethral Glands
	SEMEN
	PENIS
	HISTOLOGY 101: Male Reproductive System
23. Female Reproductive System
	OVERVIEW OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
	OVARY
		Ovarian Structure
		Follicle Development
		Ovulation
		Corpus Luteum
		Capacitation and Fertilization
		Atresia
		Blood Supply and Lymphatics
		Innervation
	UTERINE TUBES
	UTERUS
		Cyclic Changes during the Menstrual Cycle
		Implantation
		Cervix
	PLACENTA
	VAGINA
	EXTERNAL GENITALIA
	MAMMARY GLANDS
		Hormonal Regulation of the Mammary Gland
		Involution of the Mammary Gland
		Blood Supply and Lymphatics
		Innervation
	HISTOLOGY 101: Female Reproductive System
24. Eye
	OVERVIEW OF THE EYE
	GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
		Layers of the Eye
		Chambers of the Eye
		Development of the Eye
	MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
		Corneoscleral Coat
		Vascular Coat (Uvea)
		Retina
		Crystalline Lens
		Vitreous Body
		Accessory Structures of the Eye
	HISTOLOGY 101: Eye
25. Ear
	OVERVIEW OF THE EAR
	EXTERNAL EAR
	MIDDLE EAR
	INTERNAL EAR
		Structures of the Bony Labyrinth
		Structures of the Membranous Labyrinth
		Sound Perception
		Innervation of the Internal Ear
		Blood Vessels of the Membranous Labyrinth
	HISTOLOGY 101: Ear
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J - K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q - R - S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X - Y - Z