Histology - An Essential Textbook

Histology: An Essential Textbook
MedOne Information
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Video Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 An Introduction to Light Microscopy and the Cell
	1.1 Microscopy
		1.1.1 The Light Microscope
		1.1.2 Digital Microscopy
		1.1.3 Traditional versus Digital Microscopy
		1.1.4 Other Types of Microscopy
	1.2 Basic Features of Cells and Tissues
	1.3 Slide Preparation
		1.3.1 Tissue Fixation
		1.3.2 Embedding
		1.3.3 Sectioning
		1.3.4 Staining
		1.3.5 Artifacts
	1.4 Chapter Review
2 The Nucleus
	2.1 Typical Nucleus
	2.2 Electron Microscopy of the Nucleus
	2.3 The Cell Cycle
		2.3.1 Mitosis
	2.4 Mitotic Figures in Tissues
	2.5 Chapter Review
3 The Cytoplasm
	3.1 Cytoplasm
	3.2 The Plasma Membrane
	3.3 Cytoplasmic Organelles
		3.3.1 Nucleus
		3.3.2 Mitochondria
		3.3.3 Ribosomes
		3.3.4 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
		3.3.5 Golgi Apparatus
		3.3.6 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
		3.3.7 Lysosomes
		3.3.8 Other Cellular Organelles
	3.4 Chapter Review
4 Epithelial Classification
	4.1 Overview of Tissue Types
	4.2 Overview of Epithelia
	4.3 Classification of Epithelia
		4.3.1 Simple Squamous Epithelia
		4.3.2 Simple Cuboidal and Simple Columnar Epithelia
		Columnar Epithelia
		4.3.6 Transitional Epithelia
	4.4 Chapter Review
5 Epithelial Specializations
	5.1 Plasma Membrane Specializations
	5.2 Cell-Cell Junctions
		5.2.1 Tight Junctions
		5.2.2 Belt Desmosomes
		5.2.3 Desmosomes
		5.2.4 Gap Junctions
	5.3 Basement Membrane
		5.3.1 Basement Membrane in Light Micrographs
		5.3.2 Basement Membrane in Electron Micrographs
		5.3.3 Hemidesmosomes
	5.4 Plasma Membrane Modifications
		5.4.1 Microvilli
		5.4.2 Cilia
		5.4.3 Stereocilia
		5.4.4 Basolateral Infoldings
	5.5 Chapter Review
6 Epithelia: Glands
	6.1 Epithelial Tissues as Glands
	6.2 Unicellular Glands
	6.3 Multicellular Glands
		6.3.1 Endocrine Gland Formation
		6.3.2 Exocrine Gland Formation
	6.4 Exocrine Glands
	6.5 Chapter Review
7 Connective Tissue Overview
	7.1 Overview of Connective Tissue
	7.2 Recognizing Connective Tissue
	7.3 Components of Connective Tissue
	7.4 Connective Tissue Fibers
		7.4.1 Collagen
		7.4.1 Reticular Fibers
		7.4.2 Elastic Fibers
	7.5 Development of Connective Tissue
	7.6 Connective Tissue Cells
		7.6.1 Fibroblasts
		7.6.2 Immune Cells
	7.7 Connective Tissue Ground Substance
	7.8 Chapter Review
8 Generic Connective Tissues
	8.1 Classification of Connective Tissue
	8.2 Generic Connective Tissues
		8.2.1
		8.2.2 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
		8.2.3 Dense Regular Connective Tissue
	8.3 Chapter Review
9 Adipose Tissue
	9.1 Overview of Adipose Tissue
	9.2 Unilocular Adipose Tissue
	9.3 Multilocular Adipose Tissue
	9.4 Chapter Review
10 Cartilage
	10.1 Overview of Cartilage
	10.2 Development and Basic Components of Cartilage
	10.3 Hyaline Cartilage
	10.4 Developing Cartilage
	10.5 Elastic Cartilage
	10.6 Fibrocartilage
	10.7 Chapter Review
11 Bone Histology
	11.1 Histologic Bone (Bone Tissue) versus Anatomic Bone
	11.2 Features of Anatomical Bones
	11.3 Cells of Osseous Tissue
		11.3.1
		11.3.2 Osteoblasts
		11.3.3 Osteocytes
		11.3.4 Osteoclasts
	11.4 Organization of Bone
		11.4.1
		11.4.2
	11.5 Chapter Review
12 Bone Development
	12.1 Bone Matrix Secretion
	12.2 Bone Development
		12.2.1
		12.2.2
	12.3 Bone Remodeling
	12.4 Bone Fracture and Repair
	12.5 Chapter Review
13 Skeletal Muscle
	13.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue
	13.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles
	13.3 Skeletal Muscle Cells (Muscle Fibers)
	13.4 Banding Pattern of Skeletal Muscle Cells
	13.5 Myofilaments
	13.6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
	13.7 Tubule System of Skeletal Muscle
	13.8 Skeletal Muscle in Routinely Prepared Slides
	13.9 Chapter Review
14 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
	14.1 Types of Muscle Tissue
	14.2 Cardiac Muscle
	14.3 Smooth Muscle
	14.4 Comparison of Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
	14.5 Chapter Review
		14.5.1
		14.5.2 Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells
		14.5.3 Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells
		14.5.4 Common Characteristics of Two of Three Muscle Types
		14.5.5 Other Distinguishing Characteristics
15 Neural Tissue
	15.1 Overview of the Nervous System
		15.1.1 Cells of the Nervous System
		15.1.2
	15.2 Spinal Cord
		15.2.1 Spinal Cord Gray Matter
		15.2.2 Spinal Cord White Matter
	15.3 Peripheral Nerves
		15.3.1 Ultrastructure of Peripheral Nerves
		15.3.2 Peripheral Nerve in a Teased Preparation
		15.3.3 Peripheral Nerves Stained with H & E
		15.3.4 Connective Tissues of Peripheral Nerves
	15.4 Ganglia
	15.5 Chapter Review
16 Cardiovascular Overview
	16.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
	16.2 General Structure of Vessels
	16.3 Comparison of Major Types of Vessels
	16.4 Chapter Review
17 Blood
	17.1 Components of Blood
	17.2 Preparation of Blood Smears
	17.3 Red Blood Cells
	17.4 Platelets
	17.5 White Blood Cells
		17.5.1 Neutrophils
		17.5.2 Eosinophils
		17.5.3 Basophils
		17.5.4 Monocytes
		17.5.5 Lymphocytes
	17.6 White Blood Cells in Tissues
		17.6.1 Neutrophils in Tissues
		17.6.2 Lymphocytes in Tissues
		17.6.3 Plasma Cells in Tissues
		17.6.4 Macrophages in Tissues
		17.6.5 Eosinophils in Tissues
	17.7 Chapter Review
18 Hematopoiesis Overview
	18.1 Overview of Hematopiesis
	18.2 Cellular Features Used to Differentiate Hematopoietic Cells
	18.3 Cytoplasmic Granules
		Granules
		18.3.2 Eosinophilic Granules
		18.3.3 Basophilic Granules
		18.3.4 Neutrophilic Granules
	18.4 Nucleoli
	18.5 Nuclear Shape
	18.6 Chromatin
	18.7 Degree of Cytoplasmic Basophilia
	18.8 Chapter Review
19 Hematopoiesis: White Blood Cells and Platelets
	19.1 Overview of White Blood Cell Development
	19.2 Hematopoiesis of Granulocytes
		19.2.1 Myeloblast and Promyelocyte
		19.2.2 Myelocyte
		19.2.3 Metamyelocytes, Band Cells, Mature Cells
	19.3 Megakaryocytes
	19.4 Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells
	19.5 Chapter Review
20 Hematopoiesis: Red Blood Cells
	20.1 Erythrocyte versus Granulocyte Development
	20.2 Proerythroblasts
	20.3 Basophilic Erythroblasts
	20.4 Polychromatophilic and Orthochromatophilic Erythroblasts
	20.5 Reticulocyte
	20.6 Chapter Review
21 Blood Cell Production: Bone Marrow and Thymus
	21.1 Development of Blood Cells
	21.2 Bone Marrow
	21.3 Thymus
		21.3.1 Structure of the Thymus
		21.3.2 Aging of the Thymus
	21.4 Chapter Review
22 Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
	22.1 Overview of Lymphoid Tissues
	22.2 Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
	22.3 Specialized Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
	22.4 Tonsils
		22.4.1 Palatine Tonsils
		22.4.2 Pharyngeal Tonsil
	22.5 T and B Cell Localization in Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue
	22.6 Chapter Review
23 Lymph Nodes
	23.1 Overview of Lymphoid Organs
	23.2 Fluid Flow in the Body
	23.3 Overview of Lymph Nodes
	23.4 Lymphatic Flow through Lymph Nodes
	23.5 Blood Vessels of Lymph Nodes
	23.6 Substance of Lymph Nodes
	23.7 Cells of Lymph Nodes
	23.8 Functional Overview of Lymph Nodes
	23.9 Chapter Review
24 Spleen
	24.1 Overview of the Spleen
	24.2 Blood Flow of the Spleen
	24.3 White Pulp of the Spleen
	24.4 Red Pulp of the Spleen
	24.5 Functional Overview of the Spleen
	24.6 Chapter Review
25 Vessels
	25.1 Overview
	25.2 Review of the Basic Features of Vessels
	25.3 Details on the Structure of Vessels
	25.4 Types of Blood Vessels
		Medium Veins
		25.4.2 Arterioles and Venules
		25.4.3 Elastic Arteries
		25.4.4 Large Veins
		25.4.5 Capillaries
	25.5 Chapter Review
26 Heart
	26.1 Review of Cardiac Muscle
	26.2 Overview of the Heart
	26.3 Wall of the Heart
	26.4 Heart Chambers
	26.5 Heart Valves
	26.6 Conducting System of the Heart
	26.7 Blood Flow through the Circulatory System
	26.8 Chapter Review
27 Integument
	27.1 Functions of the Integument
	27.2 Overview of the Integument
	27.3 Epidermis
	27.4 Cells of the Epidermis
		27.4.2 Melanocytes
	27.5 Dermis and Hypodermis
	27.6 Accessory Structures of the Skin
		27.6.1 Hair and Hair Follicle
		27.6.2 Arrector Pili Muscles
		27.6.3 Sebaceous Glands
		27.6.4 Sweat Glands
	27.7 Sensory Receptors in Skin
		27.7.1 Meissner’s Corpuscles
		27.7.2 Pacinian Corpuscles
	27.8 Identifying the Location of a Skin Sample Using Histologic Features
	27.9 Chapter Review
28 Overview of the Gastrointestinal System
	Learning Objectives
	28.1 Organization of the Gastrointestinal System
	28.2 Development of the Gastrointestinal System
	28.3 Glands of the Gastrointestinal System
	28.4 Basic Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		28.4.1 Mucosa and Submucosa
		28.4.2 Muscularis Externa
		28.4.3 Adventitia or Serosa
	28.5 Surface Modifications of the Gastrointestinal Tract
		28.5.1 Plicae Circulares
		28.5.2 Villi
		28.5.3 Microvilli
	28.6 Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	28.7 Endocrine Secretions of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	28.8 Chapter Review
29 Intestines
	29.1 Overview of the Small and Large Intestines
	29.2 Small Intestine
	29.3 Epithelial Cell Types of the Small Intestine
	29.4 Regions of the Small Intestine
		29.4.1 Jejunum
		29.4.2 Ileum
		29.4.3 Duodenum
	29.5 Large Intestine
	29.6 Chapter Review
30 Oral Cavity, Tongue, and Salivary Glands
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Tongue
		30.2.1 Filiform and Fungiform Papillae
		30.2.2 Circumvallate Papilla
	30.3 Salivary Glands
		30.3.1 Acini
		30.3.2 Ducts
	30.4 Chapter Review
31 Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach
	31.1 Overview of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach
	31.2 Pharynx
	31.3 Esophagus
	31.4 Stomach
		31.4.1 Cardia and Pylorus
		31.4.2 Fundus and Body
	31.5 Chapter Review
32 Pancreas
	32.1 Development of the Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder
	32.2 Pancreas
		32.2.1 Exocrine Pancreas
		32.2.2 Ducts of the Exocrine Pancreas
		32.2.3 Endocrine Pancreas
	32.3 Chapter Review
33 Liver and Gallbladder
	33.1 Overview of the Liver
	33.2 Hepatocytes
	33.3 The Classic Liver Lobule
	33.4 The Portal Liver Lobule
	33.5 Exocrine Liver
	33.6 Endocrine Liver
		33.6.1 Blood Flow to the Liver
		33.6.2 Liver Sinusoids
		33.6.3 Liver Acinus
		33.6.4 Blood Flow Away from the Liver
	33.7 Kupffer Cells
	33.8 Gallbladder
	33.9 Chapter Review
34 Overview of the Kidney
	34.1 Physiology of the Urinary System
	34.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
	34.3 Overview of the Nephron
	34.4 Classification of Nephrons
	34.5 Renal Lobes and Renal Lobules
	34.6 Blood Supply of the Kidney
	34.7 Chapter Review
35 Tubules of the Kidney
	35.1 Overview of the Nephron
	35.2 Microvasculature of the Kidney
	35.3 Renal Tubules
	35.4 Renal Tubules in the Cortex and Outer Medulla
		35.4.1 Proximal Convoluted Tubule and
		Loop of Henle
		35.4.2 Distal Convoluted Tubule and Ascending
		35.4.3 Connecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts
	35.5 Renal Tubules in the Deep Medulla
	35.6 Chapter Review
36 Corpuscle of the Kidney
	36.1 Overview of the Renal Corpuscle
	36.2 Development of the Renal Corpuscle
	36.3 Structure of the Renal Corpuscle
	36.4 Ultrastructure of the Renal Corpuscle in Scanning Electron Micrographs
		36.4.1 Glomerulus
		36.4.2 Podocytes
	36.5 Ultrastructure of the Renal Corpuscle in Transmission Electron Micrographs
	36.6 Mesangium of the Renal Corpuscle
	36.7 Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
	36.8 Chapter Review
37 Extrarenal Excretory Passages
	37.1 Overview of the Extrarenal Excretory Passages
		37.1.1 Transitional Epithelium
		37.1.2 Muscularis
	37.2 Calyces and Pelvis
	37.3 Ureter
	37.4 Urinary Bladder
	37.5 Urethra
	37.6 Chapter Review
38 Upper Respiratory System
	38.1 Overview of the Respiratory System
	38.2 Epithelia of the Respiratory Tract
	38.3 Nasal Cavity
	38.4 Pharynx
	38.5 Epiglottis
	38.6 Larynx
	38.7 Trachea
	38.8 Bronchus
	38.9 Chapter Review
39 Lungs
	39.1 Overview of the Lungs and Airways (Respiratory Passages)
	39.2 Recognition of Lung Tissues
		39.2.1 Distinguishing Airway from Blood Vessels
		39.2.2 Bronchi and Bronchioles
		39.2.3 Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles
		39.2.4 Alveoli, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveolar Sacs
	39.3 Cells of Alveoli
		39.3.1 Pneumocytes and Alveolar Macrophages
		39.3.2 Ultrastructure of Alveoli
		39.3.3 Surfactant
		39.3.4 Air-Blood Barrier
	39.4 Visceral Pleura
	39.5 Vasculature of the Lung
	39.6 Chapter Review
40 Pituitary Gland
	40.1 Overview of Endocrine Organs
	40.2 Development of the Pituitary Gland
	40.3 Overview of the Pituitary Gland
	40.4 Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
		40.4.1 Cell Types in the Anterior Lobe
		40.4.2 Blood Supply to the Anterior Lobe
	40.5 Intermediate Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
	40.6 Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
	40.7 Chapter Review
41 Adrenal Gland
	41.1 Overview of the Adrenal Glands
	41.2 Adrenal Cortex
	41.3 Adrenal Medulla
	41.4 Blood Supply to the Adrenal Gland
	41.5 Chapter Review
42 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
	42.1 Overview of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
	42.2 Development of the Thyroid Gland
	42.3 Thyroid Gland
	42.4 Development of the Parathyroid Glands
	42.5 Chapter Review
43 Testes and Genital Ducts
	43.1 Overview of the Reproductive Systems
	43.2 Overview of Mitosis and Meiosis
		43.2.1 Mitosis
		43.2.2 Meiosis
	43.3 Spermatogenesis
	43.4 Overview of the Male Reproductive System
	43.5 Overview of the Testes
	43.6 Seminiferous Tubules
		43.6.1 Sertoli Cells
		43.6.3 Myoid Cells and Leydig Cells
	43.7 Ducts Exiting the Testes
		43.7.1 Rete Testis
		43.7.3 Vas Deferens and the Spermatic Cord
	43.8 Chapter Review
44 Male Accessory Glands and the Penis
	44.1 Overview of Male Accessory Structures and the Penis
	44.2 Male Accessory Organs
		44.2.1 Seminal Vesicles
		44.2.2 Prostate Gland
		44.2.3 Bulbourethral Gland
	44.3 Membranous Urethra
	44.4 Penis
	44.5 Chapter Review
45 Ovary
	45.1 Overview of the Female Reproductive System
	45.2 Peritoneal Coverings of the Female Reproductive System
	45.3 Female Reproductive Cycle
	45.4 Overview of the Ovary
	45.5 Oogenesis
	45.6 Basic Structure of Ovarian Follicles
	45.7 Development of Ovarian Follicles
		45.7.1 Primordial Follicles
		45.7.2 Primary Follicles
		45.7.3 Secondary Follicles
	45.8 Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans
		45.8.1 Corpus Luteum
		45.8.2 Corpus Albicans
	45.9 Atresia
		45.9.1 Interstitial Glands
		45.9.2 Eosinophilic Bands
		45.9.3 Glassy Membranes
		45.9.4 Corpora Fibrosa
	45.10 Chapter Review
46 Uterine Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina
	46.1 Overview of the Female Reproductive System
	46.2 Oviducts (Uterine Tubes, Fallopian Tubes)
		46.2.1 Wall of Oviduct
		46.2.2 Fimbriae of the Oviducts
	46.3 Uterus
		46.3.1 Myometrium and Perimetrium
		46.3.2 Endometrium
	46.4 Phases of the Uterine Cycle
		46.4.1 Proliferative Phase of the Uterine Cycle
		46.4.2 Secretory Phase of the Uterine Cycle
		46.4.3 Menstrual Phase of the Uterine Cycle
	46.5 Cervix of the Uterus
	46.6 Vagina
	46.7 Chapter Review
47 Mammary Glands
	47.1 Overview of the Mammary Gland
	47.2 Immature/Inactive Mammary Gland
	47.3 Mammary Gland of a Pregnant Woman
	47.4 Mammary Gland of a Lactating Woman
	47.5 Regressing Mammary Gland
	47.6 Nipple
	47.7 Chapter Review
48 Placenta and Umbilical Cord
	48.1 Early Embryology
		48.1.2 Implantation
		48.1.3 Establishing Early Maternal and Fetal Circulations
		48.1.4 The Amnion
	48.2 Formation of the Placenta
	48.3 Overview of the Histology of the Placenta
	48.4 Amnion and Chorion
	48.5 Villi and Intervillous Space at 5 Months Pregnancy
	48.6 Villi and Intervillous Space at Term
	48.7 Maternal Side of the Placenta
	48.8 Decidua Parietalis
	48.9 Umbilical Cord
	48.10 Chapter Review
Index