Higher Education, Language and New Nationalism in Finland: Recycled Histories

Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction: Conceptualizing Language Policy, Higher Education and New Nationalism
	1.1 Multi-Sited, Contingent and Historically Layered Language Policies
		1.1.1 Language Indexing and Co-Constituting Politics
		1.1.2 Politics and History as Contingent
		1.1.3 Messy Methodologies
	1.2 Why Language in Higher Education?
		1.2.1 Universal and National Universities
		1.2.2 Language Policies in Higher Education
	1.3 Concepts of Nations and Nationalisms
		1.3.1 Language and Fuzzy Nationalisms
		1.3.2 Post-Nationalism, Neoliberal Governance and Language
		1.3.3 New Nationalism and the Political Backdrop in the 2010s
	1.4 Finnish Language Policy
		1.4.1 Finnish Language Legislation: A Brief History
		1.4.2 Constitutional Bilingualism
		1.4.3 Minoritized Languages in Language Legislation
	References
2 Language and Long Nation Building in Finnish Higher Education
	2.1 Higher Education Policies in Nation-Building Times
	2.2 Language Policies in Nation-Building Times
	2.3 Language in (Higher) Education from Early Nineteenth Century Until Independence
		2.3.1 From Latin to Swedish as Language of Education
		2.3.2 Fennomans and Finnish National Romanticism
	2.4 Language, Higher Education and Nationalism in the Interwar Years
		2.4.1 Role of Language in Setting Up New Universities
		2.4.2 “True Finnish” Nationalist Activism at Universities
	2.5 National and International in Pre- and Post-World War II Years
		2.5.1 International Politics and Higher Education
		2.5.2 Language Education Policies in the Post-War Period
	2.6 Recycled Nationalist Discourses
		2.6.1 Discourse of Oppressed Majority
		2.6.2 Discourse of Swedish (Speakers) as Economic, Educational and Political Elite
		2.6.3 Discourse of Swedish and (Other) Minorities
	References
3 The Short and Intense Post-Nationalist Period in Finnish Higher Education
	3.1 Higher Education Policy Coming into the Post-National Era
	3.2 Language Policies in Post-National times
	3.3 Internationalization and Language Policies of Higher Education
		3.3.1 Internationalization as Catalyst for Language Policies
		3.3.2 Internationalization and Default English
	3.4 National and International Intertwined
		3.4.1 National Interests Promoted with Internationalization
		3.4.2 Post-Nationalist Hierarchies of International
	3.5 Minoritized Languages in Post-Nationalist Higher Education
	3.6 Recycled Post-Nationalist Discourses
		3.6.1 Discourse of Celebratory Multilingualism
		3.6.2 Discourse of National Benefits of Internationalization
		3.6.3 Discourse of Default English
	References
4 Language and New Nationalism in Higher Education
	4.1 Higher Education Policy Developments in the New Nationalist Period
	4.2 Language Policy Developments Leading to New Nationalist Era
	4.3 Concern for National Languages in Higher Education
		4.3.1 Complaints on “Killer English” Emerging in Higher Education Policy
		4.3.2 Swedish Gradually Losing Ground
		4.3.3 Debate on the Declaration of Finnish Language Board 2018
		4.3.4 National, Autochthonous and Allochthonous Languages
	4.4 Internationalization of Finnish Higher Education and New Nationalism
		4.4.1 Changing Forms of Transnational Mobility and Internationalization
		4.4.2 International Students, Local Languages and New Nationalism
		4.4.3 Whose Language Counts?
	4.5 Recycled Discourses of Nation in Higher Education
		4.5.1 Discourse of Frozen Constitutional Bilingualism
		4.5.2 Discourse of Economic Nationalism
		4.5.3 Discourse of Oppressed Majority and Political Elites
		4.5.4 Discourse of Killer English
	References
5 New Nationalism and Higher Education
	5.1 What’s New About New Nationalism?
	5.2 Finnish New Nationalisms
		5.2.1 Educational Nationalism
		5.2.2 Economic Nationalism
		5.2.3 Epistemic Nationalism
	5.3 Global Scenarios
		5.3.1 International Student Flows and New Nationalism
		5.3.2 English and New Nationalism
		5.3.3 Who Is National and International, Anyway?
	5.4 Future of Finnish Higher Education
		5.4.1 “Constitutional Nationalism” and Its Alternatives
		5.4.2 Different Finnish Nationalisms
		5.4.3 Alternate Futures
		5.4.4 It’s Never (Just)About Language
	References
Index