High-yield gross anatomy

HIGH-YIELD: Gross Anatomy, FIFTH EDITION
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PREFACE
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Vertebral Column
	I. The Vertebral Column
		A.
		B.
		C.
	II. Normal and Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
		A. Primary Curves
		B. Secondary Curves
		C. Kyphosis
		D. Lordosis
		E. Scoliosis
	III. Vertebral Levels of Various Anatomical Structures
	IV. Joints
		A. Atlanto-occipital Joints
		B. Atlantoaxial Joints
		C. Clinical Consideration: Atlantoaxial Dislocation
	V. Vasculature of the Vertebral Column
		A. Arterial Supply
		B. Venous Drainage
	VI. Clinical Considerations
		A. Denervation of Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joints
		B. Dislocations Without Fracture
		C. Dislocations With Fracture
		D. Stability of the Vertebral Column
		E. A Route of Metastasis
		F. Protrusion of the Nucleus Pulposus
		G. Spondylolysis
		H. Spondylolisthesis
		I. Hangman Fracture (Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of C2)
		J. Spondylosis
		K. Teardrop Fracture
		L. Jefferson Fracture
		M. Hyperextension (Whiplash) Injury
		N. Chance Fracture
		O. Spina Bifida
	VII. Normal Radiology
		A. Cervical Region
		B. Thoracic Region
		C. Lumbosacral Region
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 2: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
	I. Components of the Spinal Cord
		A. Gray Matter
		B. White Matter
		C. Ventral Median Fissure
		D. Dorsal Median Fissure
		E. Dorsal Intermediate Septum
		F. Conus Medullaris
		G. Cauda Equina
		H. Filum Terminale
	II. Meninges and Spaces
		A. Epidural Space
		B. Dura Mater
		C. Subdural Space
		D. Arachnoid
		E. Subarachnoid Space
		F. Pia Mater
	III. Arterial Supply of the Spinal Cord
		A. Anterior Spinal Artery and Posterior Spinal Arteries
		B. Anterior and Posterior Medullary Segmental Arteries
		C. Great Anterior Segmental Medullary Artery (of Adamkiewicz)
		D. Anterior and Posterior Radicular Arteries
	IV. Components of a Spinal Nerve
	V. Dermatomes
	VI. Clinical Procedures
		A. Lumbar Puncture
		B. Spinal Anesthesia (Spinal Block or Saddle Block)
		C. Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia
	VII. Clinical Considerations
		A. Anterior Spinal Artery Occlusion
		B. Syringomyelia
		C. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
		D. Chordomas
		E. Astrocytomas
		F. Meningiomas
		G. Schwannomas
CHAPTER 3: Autonomic Nervous System
	I. General Features of the Nervous System
	II. Sympathetic Division of the ANS (Thoracolumbar)
		A. Visceromotor Component
		B. Viscerosensory Component
	III. Parasympathetic Division of the ANS (Craniosacral)
		A. Visceromotor Component
		B. Viscerosensory Component
	IV. Summary Table of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Motor Actions
CHAPTER 4: Lymphatic System
	I. Central Lymphatic Drainage
		A. General Features
		B. Thoracic Duct
		C. Right Lymphatic Duct
	II. Summary Diagram of Specific Lymphatic Drainage
CHAPTER 5: Chest Wall
	I. General Features of the Thorax
	II. Bones of the Thorax
		A. Thoracic Vertebrae
		B. Ribs
		C. Sternum
	III. Muscles of the Thorax
		A. Diaphragm
		B. Intercostal Muscles
		C. Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle
		D. Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle
		E. Levator Costarum Muscle
		F. Transverse Thoracic Muscle
		G. Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis Major and Minor, and Scalene Muscles
		H. External Oblique, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominal, and Rectus Abdominis Muscles
	IV. Movement of the Thoracic Wall
		A. Inspiration
		B. Expiration
	V. Arteries of the Thorax
		A. Internal Thoracic Artery
		B. Anterior Intercostal Arteries
		C. Posterior Intercostal Arteries
	VI. Veins of the Thorax
	VII. Nerves of the Thorax
	VIII. Breast
		A. Arterial Supply
		B. Venous Drainage
		C. Innervation
		D. Lymph Drainage
		E. Clinical Considerations
	IX. Anterior Chest Wall
		A. Insertion of a Central Venous Catheter
		B. Postductal Coarctation of the Aorta
		C. Aneurysm of the Aorta
		D. Aortic Dissection
		E. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
		F. Knife Wound to Chest Wall Above the Clavicle
		G. Projections of the Diaphragm on the Chest Wall
		H. Scalene Lymph Node Biopsy
	X. Lateral Chest Wall
		A. Tube Thoracostomy
		B. Thoracentesis
		C. Intercostal Nerve Block
	XI. Posterior Chest Wall
		A. Fractures of the Lower Ribs
	XII. Mediastinum
		A. Superior Mediastinum
		B. Anterior Mediastinum
		C. Middle Mediastinum
		D. Posterior Mediastinum
	XIII. Radiology
		A. Posteroanterior (PA) Chest Radiograph
		B. Lateral Chest Radiograph
		C. Aortic Angiogram (Left Anterior Oblique View)
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Relevant Radiographic Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 6: Pleura, Tracheobronchial Tree, Lungs
	I. Pleura
		A. Types of Pleura
		B. Pleural Recesses
		C. Clinical Considerations
	II. Tracheobronchial Tree
		A. General Characteristics
		B. Clinical Considerations
	III. Lungs
		A. Right Lung
		B. Left Lung
		C. Bronchopulmonary Segment*
		D. Breath Sounds
		E. Arterial Components of the Lung
		F. Venous Components of the Lung
		G. Innervation of the Lung
	IV. Clinical Considerations
		A. Atelectasis
		B. Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
		C. Bronchiectasis
		D. Obstructive Lung Diseases
		E. Restrictive Lung Diseases
		F. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		G. Bronchogenic Carcinoma
	V. Cross-sectional Anatomy
		A. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan at the Level of Origin of the Three Branches of the Aortic Arch (at About Vertebral Level T2 to T3)
		B. CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) at the Level of the Aortic Arch
		C. CT Scan and MRI at the Level of the Aortic-pulmonary Window (at About Vertebral Level T4)
		D. CT Scan at the Level of Origin of the Left Main Pulmonary Artery
	Case Study
		Differentials
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Differentials
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 7: The Heart
	I. The Pericardium
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	II. Heart Surfaces
		A. Posterior Surface (Base)
		B. Apex
		C. Anterior Surface (Sternocostal Surface)
		D. Inferior Surface (Diaphragmatic Surface)
		E. Left Surface (Pulmonary Surface)
		F. Right Surface
	III. Heart Borders
		A. Right Border
		B. Left Border
		C. Inferior Border
		D. Superior Border
	IV. Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
	V. Valves and Auscultation Sites
		A. Bicuspid (Mitral; Left Atrioventricular) Valve
		B. Tricuspid (Right Atrioventricular) Valve
		C. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (Pulmonic Valve)
		D. Aortic Semilunar Valve
		E. Heart Sounds
	VI. Arterial Supply of the Heart
		A. Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
		B. Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA)
	VII. Venous Drainage of the Heart
		A. Coronary Sinus
		B. Great Cardiac Vein
		C. Middle Cardiac Vein
		D. Small Cardiac Vein
		E. Oblique Vein of the Left Atrium
		F. Left Posterior Ventricular Vein
		G. Left Marginal Vein
		H. Anterior Cardiac Veins
		I. Smallest Cardiac Veins
	VIII. The Conduction System
		A. Sinoatrial Node
		B. Atrioventricular Node
		C. Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Myocytes
	IX. Innervation of the Heart
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
	X. Gross Anatomy of the Heart
		A. Right Atrium
		B. Right Ventricle
		C. Left Atrium
		D. Left Ventricle
	XI. Clinical Considerations
		A. Atherosclerosis
		B. Ischemic Heart Disease
		C. Right Ventricle (RV) Failure
		D. Left Ventricle (LV) Failure
	XII. Radiology
		A. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) at about T2 to T3
		B. MRI at about T5 to T6
		C. MRI at about T7 to T8
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 8: Abdominal Wall
	I. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
	II. Muscles
	III. Clinical Procedure
		A. Midline Approach
		B. Flank Approach
	IV. Inguinal Region
		A. Inguinal Ligament
		B. Deep Inguinal Ring
		C. Superficial Inguinal Ring
		D. Inguinal Canal
		E. Types of Hernias
	V. The Scrotum
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
CHAPTER 9: Peritoneal Cavity
	I. Peritoneal Cavity
		A. Lesser Peritoneal Sac (Omental Bursa)
		B. Greater Peritoneal Sac
		C. Omental (Winslow) Foramen
	II. Omentum
		A. Lesser Omentum
		B. Greater Omentum
	III. Intraperitoneal and Extraperitoneal Viscera
	IV. Clinical Considerations
		A. Ascites
		B. Inflammation of the Parietal Peritoneum
		C. Peritonitis
		D. Peritoneal Adhesions
CHAPTER 10: Abdominal Vasculature
	I. Abdominal Aorta
		A. Major Branches
		B. Clinical Considerations
	II. Venous Drainage of Abdomen
		A. Azygos Venous System
		B. Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
	III. Hepatic Portal System
CHAPTER 11: Abdominal Viscera
	I. Esophagus
		A. General Features
		B. Constrictions
		C. Sphincters
		D. Arterial Supply
		E. Venous Drainage
		F. Innervation
		G. Clinical Considerations
	II. Stomach
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	III. Duodenum
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Jejunum
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Lymph Drainage
	V. Ileum
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
	VI. Innervation of the Small Intestine
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
	VII. Large Intestine
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	VIII. Innervation of the Large Intestine
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
	IX. Appendix
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Clinical Consideration
	X. Gallbladder
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
	XI. Extrahepatic Biliary Ducts
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	XII. Liver
		A. General Features
		B. Lobes of the Liver
		C. Arterial Supply
		D. Portal Supply
		E. Venous Drainage
		F. Innervation
		G. Clinical Considerations
	XIII. Pancreas
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Consideration: Annular Pancreas
	XIV. Cross-sectional Anatomy
		A. At About T12 Where the Portal Triad is Located
		B. At the Level of the Gallbladder
		C. At the Level of the Hilum of the Kidneys
	XV. Radiology
		A. Radiograph of the Stomach and Small Intestines After a Barium Meal
		B. AP Radiograph of the Large Intestine After a Barium Enema
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 12: Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal
	I. Sigmoid Colon
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	II. Rectum
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Consideration
	III. Anal Canal
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Defecation Reflex
	V. Radiology
		A. Anteroposterior (AP) Barium Radiograph
		B. Lateral Barium Radiograph
CHAPTER 13: Spleen
	I. General Features
	II. Arterial Supply
	III. Venous Drainage
	IV. Clinical Considerations
		A. Splenectomy
		B. Splenic Vein Thrombosis
		C. Splenomegaly
		D. Splenic Infarct
	V. Radiology
		A. CT Scan at the Level of the Liver and Spleen
CHAPTER 14: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra
	I. General Features
	II. Kidney Surface Projections
		A. Left Kidney
		B. Right Kidney
	III. Internal Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
		A. Renal Cortex
		B. Renal Medulla
		C. 5 to 11 Minor Calyces
		D. 2 to 3 Major Calyces
		E. Renal Pelvis
	IV. Arterial Supply
		A. Renal Artery
		B. Anterior and Posterior Divisions
		C. Segmental Arteries
		D. Interlobar Arteries
		E. Arcuate Arteries
		F. Interlobular Arteries
		G. Afferent Arterioles
		H. Efferent Arterioles
	V. Venous Drainage
	VI. Innervation
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
		C. Sensory Innervation
	VII. Clinical Considerations of the Kidney
		A. Rotation of the Kidney
		B. Ascent of the Kidney
		C. Horseshoe Kidney
		D. Kidney Trauma
		E. Surgical Approach to the Kidney
	VIII. Ureter
		A. General Features
		B. Ureter Relationships to Neighboring Structures
		C. Normal Constrictions of the Ureter
		D. Arterial Supply
		E. Venous Drainage
		F. Innervation
		G. Clinical Consideration
	IX. Urinary Bladder
		A. General Features
		B. Urinary Bladder Relationships to Neighboring Structures
		C. Support of the Bladder
		D. Internal Anatomy of the Bladder
		E. Arterial Supply
		F. Venous Drainage
		G. Innervation
		H. Lymph Drainage
		I. Clinical Considerations
	X. Urethra
		A. Female Urethra
		B. Male Urethra
	XI. Radiology
		A. Intravenous Urograms (IVUs)
		B. Voiding Cystourethrogram and Retrograde Urethrogram
		C. Computed Tomography
CHAPTER 15: Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands
	I. General Features
		A.
		B.
	II. Arterial Supply
		A.
	III. Venous Drainage
		A.
		B.
		C.
	IV. Innervation
		A. Sympathetic
	V. Adrenal Cortex
		A. Zona Glomerulosa (ZG)
		B. Zona Fasciculata (ZF)
		C. Zona Reticularis (ZR)
		D. Clinical Considerations
	VI. Adrenal Medulla
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
CHAPTER 16: Female Reproductive System
	I. Ovaries
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Lymph Drainage
		E. Clinical Considerations
	II. Uterine Tubes
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Clinical Considerations
	III. Uterus
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Support of the Uterus
		E. Position of the Uterus
		F. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Cervix
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
		E.
	V. Ectocervix
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
		E.
		F. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix
	VI. Vagina
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Clinical Considerations
	VII. External Genitalia
		A. Labia Majora
		B. Labia Minora
		C. Vestibule of the Vagina
		D. Clitoris
	VIII. Innervation of the Female Reproductive System
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
CHAPTER 17: Male Reproductive System
	I. Testes
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Lymphatic Drainage
		E. Clinical Considerations
	II. Epididymis
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
	III. Ductus Deferens
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Clinical Consideration: Vasectomy
	IV. Contents of the Spermatic Cord
	V. Ejaculatory Duct
		A.
		B.
		C.
	VI. Seminal Vesicles
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
		E.
	VII. Bulbourethral (BU) Glands of Cowper
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
	VIII. Prostate Gland
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Clinical Considerations
	IX. Penis
		A. General Features
		B. Arterial Supply
		C. Venous Drainage
		D. Innervation
	X. Innervation of the Male Reproductive System
		A. Parasympathetic
		B. Sympathetic
	XI. Erection, Secretion, Emission, and Ejaculation
		A. Erection
		B. Secretion
		C. Emission
		D. Ejaculation
CHAPTER 18: Pelvis
	I. Bones of the Pelvis
		A. Coxal (Hip Bone)
		B. Sacrum
		C. Coccyx (Tail Bone)
	II. Greater and Lesser Sciatic Foramina
		A. Greater Sciatic Foramen
		B. Lesser Sciatic Foramen
	III. Pelvic Inlet (Pelvic Brim)
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
	IV. Pelvic Outlet
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
		E.
	V. Comparison of the Female and Male Pelvis
	VI. Muscles of the Pelvis
	VII. Arterial Supply
		A. Internal Iliac Artery
		B. Median Sacral Artery
		C. Superior Rectal Artery
		D. Ovarian Artery (Female) or Testicular Artery (Male)
	VIII. Venous Drainage
		A. Pelvic Venous Plexuses
	IX. Nerves
		A. Sacral Plexus
		B. Coccygeal Plexus
		C. Autonomic Components
	X. Support of the Pelvic Organs
		A. Pelvic Diaphragm (Floor)
		B. Urogenital Diaphragm
		C. Transverse Cervical Ligament (Cardinal Ligament of Mackenrodt)
		D. Uterosacral Ligament
		E. Pubocervical Ligament
	XI. Clinical Considerations
		A. Pelvic Relaxation
		B. The Pelvic Ring
		C. Pudendal Nerve Block
	XII. Radiology
		A. Anteroposterior Radiograph of Male Pelvis
CHAPTER 19: Perineum
	I. Perineum
		A.
		B.
	II. Urogenital (UG) Triangle
		A. Deep Perineal Space
		B. Superficial Perineal Space
		C. Clinical Consideration
	III. Anal Triangle
		A. Ischiorectal Fossa
		B. Muscles of the Anal Triangle
	IV. Muscles of the Male and Female Perineum
CHAPTER 20: Upper Limb
	I. Bones
	II. Muscles
		A. Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles
		B. Posterior Axioappendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles
		C. Muscles of the Anterior (Flexor) Compartment of the Arm
		D. Muscles of the Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Arm
		E. Muscles of the Anterior (Flexor) Compartment of the Forearm
		F. Muscles of the Posterior (Extensor) Compartment of the Forearm
		G. Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
	III. Arterial Supply
		A. Subclavian Artery
		B. Axillary Artery
		C. Brachial Artery
		D. Collateral Circulation
		E. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Venous Drainage
		A. Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb
		B. Deep Veins of the Upper Limb
		C. Communicating Venous System
	V. Cutaneous Nerves of the Upper Limb
	VI. Brachial Plexus
		A. Rami
		B. Trunks (Upper, Middle, Lower)
		C. Divisions (Three Anterior and Three Posterior)
		D. Cords (Lateral, Medial, Posterior)
		E. Branches
		F. Clinical Consideration: Injuries to the Brachial Plexus
	VII. Nerve Lesions
	VIII. Shoulder Region
		A. The Axilla
		B. Spaces
		C. Glenohumeral Joint
		D. Acromioclavicular Joint
	IX. Elbow Region
		A. Elbow Joint
		B. Clinical Considerations
	X. Wrist and Hand Region
		A. Wrist Joint (Radiocarpal Joint)
		B. Metacarpophalangeal (MP) Joint
		C. Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint
		D. Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint
		E. Clinical Considerations
	XI. Cross Sectional Anatomy of Right Arm and Right Forearm
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 21: Lower Limb
	I. Bones
	II. Muscles
		A. Muscles of the Gluteal Region (Abductors and Rotators of the Thigh)
		B. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh (Flexors of the Hip Joint and Extensors of the Knee Joint)
		C. Muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh (Adductors of the Thigh)
		D. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh (Extensors of the Hip Joint and Flexors of the Knee Joint)
		E. Muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Compartments of the Leg
		F. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg
		G. Muscles of the Foot
	III. Arterial Supply
		A. Superior Gluteal Artery
		B. Inferior Gluteal Artery
		C. Obturator Artery
		D. Femoral Artery
		E. Popliteal Artery
		F. Collateral Circulation
		G. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Venous Drainage
		A. Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb
		B. Deep Veins of the Lower Limb
		C. Communicating Venous System
		D. Clinical Consideration
	V. Cutaneous Nerves of the Lower Limb
	VI. The Lumbar Plexus
		A. Rami
		B. Divisions (Anterior and Posterior)
		C. Branches
	VII. Nerve Lesions
	VIII. Hip and Gluteal Region
		A. Hip Joint
		B. Femoral Triangle
		C. Clinical Considerations
	IX. Knee Region
		A. Knee (Femorotibial) Joint
		B.
		C.
		D. Clinical Consideration
	X. Ankle and Foot Region
		A. Ankle (Talocrural) Joint
		B.
		C. Subtalar Joint
		D. Transverse Tarsal Joint (Chopart Joint)
		E. Tarsometatarsal Joint (Lisfranc Joint)
		F. Clinical Considerations
	XI. Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Right Thigh and Right Leg
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 22: Head
	I. Skull
		A. Neurocranium
		B. Viscerocranium
		C. Sutures
		D. Fontanelles
		E. Foramina of the Skull
		F. Clinical Considerations
	II. Scalp
		A. Skin
		B. Connective Tissue
		C. Aponeurosis (Galea Aponeurotica)
		D. Loose Connective Tissue
		E. Pericranium
	III. Meninges
		A. Dura Mater
		B. Arachnoid
		C. Pia Mater
		D. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Muscles of the Head
		A. Muscles of the Face and Scalp
		B. Muscles of Mastication
		C. Muscles of the Soft Palate
		D. Muscles of the Tongue
	V. Arterial Supply
		A. Branches of the Arch of the Aorta
		B. External Carotid Artery
		C. Internal Carotid Artery
		D. Vertebral Arteries
	VI. Venous Drainage
		A. Facial and Scalp Areas
		B. Dural Venous Sinuses
	VII. Clinical Considerations
		A. Epidural Hemorrhage
		B. Subdural Hemorrhage
		C. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		D. Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage
		E. Extracranial Hemorrhage
	VIII. Cranial Nerves
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
	Case Study
		Relevant Physical Examination Findings
		Relevant Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
CHAPTER 23: Neck
	I. Muscles of the Neck
		A. Muscles of the Superficial Neck
		B. Muscles of the Anterior Cervical Region
		C. Muscles of the Prevertebral Area
		D. Muscles of the Larynx
		E. Muscles of the Pharynx
	II. Cervical Plexus
		A. Sensory Nerves
		B. Motor Nerves
	III. Cervical Triangles of the Neck
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	IV. Larynx
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	V. Thyroid Gland
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	VI. Parathyroid Gland
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	VII. Parotid Gland
		A. General Features
		B. Clinical Considerations
	VIII. Cross Section of the Neck at the Level of C7 Vertebra
CHAPTER 24: Eye
	I. Bony Orbit
		A. General Features
		B. Fissures, Foramina, and Canals
	II. Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus
		A. Eyelids
		B. Lacrimal Apparatus
	III. The Globe or Eyeball
		A. Corneoscleral Tunic
		B. Uveal Tunic
		C. Retinal Tunic
		D. Contents of the Globe
	IV. Extraocular Musculature
		A.
		B.
		C.
		D.
	V. Arterial Supply of the Orbit
	VI. Venous Drainage of the Orbit
		A. Superior Ophthalmic Vein
		B. Inferior Ophthalmic Vein
		C. Central Vein of the Retina
		D. Vorticose Veins
	VII. Clinical Considerations
		A. Orbital Fractures
		B. Sty
		C. Dry Eye
		D. Red Eye
		E. Bogorad Syndrome (Crocodile Tears)
		F. Glaucoma
		G. Obstruction of the Central Artery of the Retina
		H. Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
		I. Papilledema (Choked Disc)
		J. Retinal Detachment
		K. Strabismus (Crossed Eye)
		L. Diplopia (Double Vision)
		M. Horner Syndrome
		N. Common Ophthalmoscopic Pathologies
CHAPTER 25: Ear
	I. General Features
	II. External Ear
		A. Auricle
		B. External Auditory Meatus
		C. Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
	III. Middle Ear
		A. Tympanic (Middle Ear) Cavity
		B. Ossicles
		C. Muscles
		D. Oval Window (Fenestra Vestibuli)
		E. Round Window (Fenestra Cochleae)
		F. Auditory (Eustachian) Tube
	IV. Inner Ear
		A. Semicircular Ducts (Kinetic Labyrinth)
		B. Utricle and Saccule (Static Labyrinth)
		C. Cochlear Duct
	V. Clinical Considerations
		A. Rubella Virus
		B. Ménière Disease
		C. Waardenburg Syndrome
		D. Otitis Media
		E. Hyperacusis
		F. Conductive Hearing Loss
		G. Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		H. Presbycusis
APPENDIX 1: Muscles of the Arm
APPENDIX 2: Muscles of the Leg
CREDITS
INDEX
	An original upload by [stormrg]