High-Voltage Equipment of Power Systems: Design, Principles of Operation, Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostics

Preface
Contents
1 Past, Present and Future of Electric Power Systems (Brief Excursion)
	1.1 Brief History of the Creation and Development of Power Systems
	1.2 Main Tendencies in the Development of Electric Power Systems
	References
2 Characteristics of the Main Elements of Electric Power Systems
	2.1 Power and Instrument Transformers
		2.1.1 Purpose of Power Transformers
		2.1.2 Transformers with Different Insulation
		2.1.3 Purpose and Features of Instrument Transformers (ITs)
		2.1.4 The Faults, Which Occurs Inside a Power Transformer
		2.1.5 Disconnectors
		2.1.6 Circuit Switchers and Switchgear Assemblies
		2.1.7 Switchgear Assemblies
		2.1.8 Design of an Air-Insulated Switchgear Substation Based on New Technology
		2.1.9 Layout Reconfiguration and Optimization
	2.2 Circuit Breakers and Other Switching Devices
		2.2.1 Circuit Breakers
	2.3 Rotating Machines
		2.3.1 Main Insulation
		2.3.2 Turn-to-Turn Insulation
	2.4 Power Capacitors
	2.5 Bushings
		2.5.1 Low Voltage Bushings
		2.5.2 High Voltage Bushings
	2.6 Cables
		2.6.1 Short History and Future of Electrical Cables
		2.6.2 Insulation and Design of Power Cables
	References
3 Insulating Materials and Media Used in High-Voltage Elements of Electric Power Systems
	3.1 The Most Important Characteristics of Insulating Materials and Media
		3.1.1 Resistivity of Dielectric Materials
		3.1.2 Variation of Dielectric Properties with Temperature
		3.1.3 Potential Distribution in Dielectrics
		3.1.4 Dielectric Strength
		3.1.5 Influences Water Penetration and Ionizing Radiation
		3.1.6 Arc Tracking of Insulation
		3.1.7 Thermal Aging
	3.2 Solid Dielectrics
		3.2.1 Organic Insulating Materials
		3.2.2 Inorganic Insulating Materials
	3.3 Liquid Dielectrics
		3.3.1 General Consideration
		3.3.2 Mineral Insulating Oils
		3.3.3 Synthetic Liquid Insulation
	3.4 Insulating Gases and Vacuum
		3.4.1 General Properties of Gases
		3.4.2 Breakdown of Gases
		3.4.3 Relative Dielectric Strengths of Gases
		3.4.4 Corona and Breakdown in Inhomogeneous Fields
		3.4.5 Corona Discharges on Insulator Surfaces
		3.4.6 Flashover on Solid Surfaces in Gases
		3.4.7 Vacuum
	References
4 Effects on Equipment Causing Insulation Aging and Failure
	4.1 Effects of Electrical Voltage
	4.2 Mechanical Effects
	4.3 Thermal Effects
	4.4 Atmospheric Influences
	4.5 Time Factor
	4.6 Exposure to Aggressive Media
	4.7 Force Majeure Factors Causing Equipment Failure
	References
5 Defects in High Voltage Equipment: Types and Content of Tests
	5.1 Classification of Defects
	5.2 Test Types
		5.2.1 Type (Normalized) Tests
		5.2.2 Proof (Control) Tests
		5.2.3 Acceptance Tests
		5.2.4 Periodic (Operational) Tests
		5.2.5 Special Tests
	5.3 Norms and Test Methods
	5.4 Diagnostics and Monitoring
		5.4.1 Diagnostics
		5.4.2 Monitoring
	5.5 Expert Systems
	References
6 Non-electrical Diagnostic Methods
	6.1 Chemical Control Methods
		6.1.1 Chromatographic Analysis of Dissolved Gases
		6.1.2 Chemical and Physical Indicators for Estimation the Condition of Paper Insulation for Oil—Filled Apparatus in Operation
	6.2 Vibration Control
	6.3 Thermal Methods and Devices for Control and Diagnostics
	6.4 Magnetic Structuroscopy
	6.5 Acoustic Control Methods
	6.6 Acoustic Emission Diagnostics
	6.7 Radiation Diagnostics
	References
7 Traditional Electrical Diagnostic Methods
	7.1 Insulation Condition Monitoring by PD Registration
	7.2 Measurement of Idling Losses
	7.3 Measurement of the Transformation Ratio
	7.4 Insulation Resistance Monitoring for Transformer Windings
	7.5 Measurement of Winding DC-Resistance
	7.6 Short-Circuit Resistance Monitoring
	7.7 High Voltage Test
	References
8 Diagnostics of High-Voltage Equipment by Defectography Methods
	8.1 Diagnostics of the Transformer Windings Condition by Probing Pulses
		8.1.1 Physical Basis and Development of Pulsed Diagnostics
		8.1.2 Development of Pulsed Diagnostics Technology
		8.1.3 Frequency Analysis as a Development of Pulsed Diagnostics
		8.1.4 Probing Transformer Windings with Nanosecond Pulses
		8.1.5 Technology of Single-Stage Pulsed Defectography
		8.1.6 ON-LINE Monitoring of Winding Condition
	8.2 Defectography Method for Rotating Machines Diagnostics
	References
9 Dielectric Spectroscopy Technology
	9.1 Basic Fundamental of Dielectric Spectroscopy
	9.2 Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement
	9.3 Recovery Voltage Measurement
	9.4 Frequency Time Domain Spectroscopy
	References
10 Diagnostics of High Voltage Equipment
	10.1 Transformers and Other Oil-Filled Equipment
	10.2 Circuit Breakers and Other Switching Devices
	10.3 High Voltage Turbogenerators and Other Rotating Machines
	10.4 Capacitors and Capacitor Banks
	10.5 High Voltage Bushings
	10.6 Gas-Insulated Switch Gears (GIS)
	References
11 Diagnostics of High-Voltage Cable Lines
	11.1 Acceptance Testing of Power Cables
		11.1.1 Checking the Integrity and Phasing of the Cable Cores
		11.1.2 Measurement of Insulation Resistance
		11.1.3 Rectified Current High Voltage Test
		11.1.4 Power Frequency Overvoltage Test
		11.1.5 Determination of Active Resistance of Cable Cores
		11.1.6 Determination of the Electrical Performance of Cores
	11.2 Diagnostics of Power Cables
	11.3 Monitoring Cable Lines
	References
12 Diagnostics of Insulating Structures of Overhead Power Lines and Outdoor Substations
	12.1 Brief Information About Insulators for Overhead Transmission Lines and Outdoor Substations and the Features of their Working Conditions
	12.2 Simulating Lightning and Switching Surges for Testing
	12.3 Voltage–Time Characteristic
	12.4 Insulation Coordination
		12.4.1 Statistical Approach to Insulation Coordination
		12.4.2 Correlation Between Insulation and Protection Levels
	12.5 Control of Thermal and Mechanical Resistance
	References
Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B