High-Risk Pollutants in Wastewater

High-Risk Pollutants in Wastewater
Copyright
Contributors
1. Introduction
	1.1 Environmental high-risk pollutants
	1.2 Control of HRPs in wastewater
	1.3 Objective and contents of this book
2. Chemical HRPs in wastewater
	2.1 Heavy metals
		2.1.1 Sources of heavy metals in wastewater
		2.1.2 Occurrence and concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater
		2.1.3 Migration and transformation of heavy metals in wastewater
	2.2 Persistent organic pollutants
		2.2.1 Sources of POPs in wastewater
		2.2.2 Occurrence and concentrations of POPs in wastewater
		2.2.3 Migration and transformation of POPs in wastewater
	2.3 Pharmaceutical and personal care products
		2.3.1 Sources of PPCPs in wastewater
		2.3.2 Occurrence and concentrations of PPCPs in wastewater
		2.3.3 Migration and transformation of PPCPs in wastewater
	2.4 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
		2.4.1 Sources of EDCs in wastewater
		2.4.2 Occurrence and concentrations of EDCs in wastewater
		2.4.3 Migration and transformation of EDCs in wastewater
	2.5 Other HRPs
		2.5.1 Sources of other HRPs in wastewater
		2.5.2 Occurrence and concentrations of other HRPs in wastewater
		2.5.3 Migration and transformation of other HRPs in wastewater
	2.6 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
3. Biological HRPs in wastewater
	3.1 Bacteria
		3.1.1 Classification of bacteria in wastewater
		3.1.2 Typical bacteria in wastewater
		3.1.3 Pathogenic bacteria and their typical characteristics and hazards
			3.1.3.1 Pathogenic Escherichia coli
			3.1.3.2 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
			3.1.3.3 Shigella dysenteriae
			3.1.3.4 Vibrio cholerae
			3.1.3.5 Legionella
	3.2 Viruses
		3.2.1 Definition, morphology, and composition of viruses
		3.2.2 Types of viruses
		3.2.3 Common viruses in wastewater
			3.2.3.1 Enterovirus
			3.2.3.2 Hepatitis virus
			3.2.3.3 Rotavirus
			3.2.3.4 Coronavirus
			3.2.3.5 Adenovirus
			3.2.3.6 Norovirus
	3.3 Protozoa
		3.3.1 Biological characteristics of protozoa
		3.3.2 Hazards and risks of protozoa
		3.3.3 Common pathogenic protozoa in wastewater
			3.3.3.1 Cryptosporidium
			3.3.3.2 Giardia
			3.3.3.3 Entamoeba histolytica
		3.3.4 Roles of protozoa in wastewater treatment
	3.4 Helminths
		3.4.1 Biological characteristics of helminths
		3.4.2 Classification of helminths
	3.5 Biotoxins
		3.5.1 Characteristics and classification of biotoxins
		3.5.2 Bacterial toxins
	3.6 Antibiotic resistance
		3.6.1 ARGs and ARB
		3.6.2 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
			3.6.2.1 Enzyme-catalyzed inactivation of antibiotics
			3.6.2.2 Changes in antibiotic targets
			3.6.2.3 Bacterial efflux pumps
			3.6.2.4 Changes in the permeability of bacterial cell walls or cell membranes
		3.6.3 Fates of ARGs and ARB in wastewater
			3.6.3.1 Medical and pharmaceutical wastewater
			3.6.3.2 The domestic wastewater treatment system
			3.6.3.3 Wastewater from aquaculture system and livestock breeding
	3.7 Summary
	References
4. Technologies for detection of HRPs in wastewater
	4.1 Detection techniques of heavy metals in wastewater
		4.1.1 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
		4.1.2 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
		4.1.3 Anodic stripping voltammetry
		4.1.4 Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
		4.1.5 Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
		4.1.6 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
	4.2 Detection techniques of organic HRPs in wastewater
		4.2.1 Wastewater sample preparation
			4.2.1.1 Sample collection and preservation
			4.2.1.2 Extraction and enrichment of samples
			4.2.1.3 Purification and concentration of samples
		4.2.2 Gas chromatography
		4.2.3 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
		4.2.4 High-performance liquid chromatography
	4.3 Detection of biological HRPs
		4.3.1 Sample preparation
			4.3.1.1 Concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater samples
			4.3.1.2 Extraction of nucleic acids
		4.3.2 Polymerase chain reaction
		4.3.3 Gene chip
		4.3.4 High-throughput sequencing
		4.3.5 Other methods
	4.4 Summary
	References
5. Ecological safety hazards of wastewater
	5.1 Exposure pathways
	5.2 Damage to organisms
		5.2.1 Effects on aquatic organisms
			5.2.1.1 PPCPs
				5.2.1.1.1 Acute toxicity and embryonic development toxicity
				5.2.1.1.1 Acute toxicity and embryonic development toxicity
				5.2.1.1.2 Endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity
				5.2.1.1.2 Endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity
				5.2.1.1.3 Combined toxicity
				5.2.1.1.3 Combined toxicity
			5.2.1.2 Antibiotics
				5.2.1.2.1 Toxic effects on aquatic organisms
				5.2.1.2.1 Toxic effects on aquatic organisms
				5.2.1.2.2 Toxic effects on aquatic phytoplankton
				5.2.1.2.2 Toxic effects on aquatic phytoplankton
				5.2.1.2.3 Persistent organic pollutants
				5.2.1.2.3 Persistent organic pollutants
		5.2.2 Effects on terrestrial organisms
			5.2.2.1 PPCPs
			5.2.2.2 Antibiotics
				5.2.2.2.1 Soil microorganisms
				5.2.2.2.1 Soil microorganisms
				5.2.2.2.2 Soil plants
				5.2.2.2.2 Soil plants
				5.2.2.2.3 Soil animals
				5.2.2.2.3 Soil animals
			5.2.2.3 Heavy metals
	5.3 Damage to populations and community
		5.3.1 Damage to populations
		5.3.2 Damage to community
	5.4 Damage to ecosystem
	5.5 Summary
	References
6. Human health hazards of wastewater
	6.1 Agricultural irrigation
		6.1.1 Exposure pathways
		6.1.2 Impacts of heavy metals
		6.1.3 Impacts of organic pollutants
			6.1.3.1 Polychlorinated biphenyls
			6.1.3.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	6.2 Antibiotic wastewater
		6.2.1 Exposure pathways
		6.2.2 Health hazards of antibiotic wastewater
	6.3 Oily wastewater
		6.3.1 Source of oily wastewater
		6.3.2 Health hazards of oily wastewater
	6.4 Aerosol from reclaimed water
		6.4.1 Generation of aerosol
		6.4.2 Effect of aerosols on health
	6.5 Summary
	References
7. Assessment technologies for hazards/risks of wastewater
	7.1 Toxicity evaluation of wastewater
		7.1.1 In vivo tests
			7.1.1.1 Single-species in vivo tests
			7.1.1.2 Micro-/mesocosm multispecies tests
		7.1.2 In vitro tests
			7.1.2.1 Conventional single-parameter in vitro assays
			7.1.2.2 Reporter gene-based in vitro assays
			7.1.2.3 High-content screening technology
			7.1.2.4 Cell culture-based biosensing techniques
			7.1.2.5 Toxicity-indicative in-chemico tests
	7.2 Health and ecological risk assessment
		7.2.1 Ecological risk assessment
		7.2.2 Health risk assessment
			7.2.2.1 Chemical-based health risk assessment
			7.2.2.2 Microbial-based health risk assessment
	7.3 Summary
	References
8. Physicochemical technologies for HRPs and risk control
	8.1 Adsorption technologies
		8.1.1 Main concepts and bases of adsorption
		8.1.2 Carbon-based adsorbents
			8.1.2.1 Activated carbon
			8.1.2.2 Biochar
		8.1.3 Nanoadsorbents
			8.1.3.1 Graphene-based nanoadsorbent
			8.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
			8.1.3.3 Nano metal oxide
		8.1.4 Resins
		8.1.5 Composite and modified adsorbents
	8.2 Advanced oxidation
		8.2.1 Ozone-based AOPs
		8.2.2 UV-based AOPs
			8.2.2.1 UV-TiO2
			8.2.2.2 UV-H2O2
			8.2.2.3 UV-Cl2
			8.2.2.4 Others
	8.3 Membrane separation technologies
		8.3.1 Membrane technology to remove heavy metals
		8.3.2 Membrane technology to remove pesticides and drugs
		8.3.3 Membrane technology to remove phenolic compounds
	8.4 Combination process technologies
		8.4.1 Nanofiltration combined with ozone-based advanced oxidation processes
		8.4.2 Photocatalytic ozonation
		8.4.3 Ozone/H2O2 process
		8.4.4 Combination of Fenton processes and biotreatment
			8.4.4.1 Sono-Fenton process
			8.4.4.2 Electro-Fenton process
			8.4.4.3 Combination process of multiple technologies
	8.5 Emerging technologies
		8.5.1 Photocatalysis technologies
		8.5.2 Electrosorption
		8.5.3 Electroflocculation
	8.6 Summary
	References
	Further Reading
9. Biological technologies for cHRPs and risk control
	9.1 Biological transformation of cHRPs in wastewater
		9.1.1 Brief introduction to biological transformation of cHRPs
		9.1.2 Advances in biological transformation of cHRPs in wastewater
	9.2 Conventional biological technology
		9.2.1 Types of conventional biological technology
		9.2.2 Removal of cHRPs by conventional biological technologies
	9.3 Biofiltration technology
		9.3.1 Definition of biofiltration
		9.3.2 Removal of cHRPs by biofiltration technology
	9.4 Membrane biotechnology
		9.4.1 Presentation of membrane bioreactor
		9.4.2 Removal of cHRPs in MBR
	9.5 Constructed wetland (CW) systems
		9.5.1 Definition and characteristics of CWs
		9.5.2 Removal of pesticides and herbicides
		9.5.3 Removal of PPCPs
	9.6 Bioaugmentation technology
		9.6.1 Introduction to bioaugmentation technology
		9.6.2 Selection of high-performance bacteria
		9.6.3 Removal of cHRPs with bioaugmentation technology
	9.7 Integrated technologies for toxic organic wastewater treatment
		9.7.1 Interpretation of integrated technologies
		9.7.2 Integrated technologies and their characteristics
			9.7.2.1 Chemical oxidation and biological methods
			9.7.2.2 Integration of adsorption and biological treatment
			9.7.2.3 Constructed wetland and microbial fuel cells
			9.7.2.4 MBR and physical–chemical treatment
			9.7.2.5 Advanced oxidation processes and biological treatment
	9.8 Summary
	References
10. Technologies for bHRPs and risk control
	10.1 Conventional disinfection technologies
		10.1.1 Chlorination
			10.1.1.1 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.1.1.2 Virus
			10.1.1.3 Parasitic protozoa
			10.1.1.4 ARB and ARGs
			10.1.1.5 Chlorine dioxide
			10.1.1.6 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.1.1.7 Virus
			10.1.1.8 Parasitic protozoa
			10.1.1.9 ARB and ARGs
		10.1.2 Ozone
			10.1.2.1 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.1.2.2 Virus
			10.1.2.3 Parasitic protozoa
			10.1.2.4 ARB and ARGs
		10.1.3 UV
			10.1.3.1 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.1.3.2 Virus
			10.1.3.3 Parasitic protozoa
			10.1.3.4 ARB and ARGs
		10.1.4 PAA
			10.1.4.1 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.1.4.2 Virus
			10.1.4.3 Parasitic protozoa
			10.1.4.4 ARB and ARGs
	10.2 Biological treatment progresses
		10.2.1 Anaerobic and/or aerobic treatment reactors
			10.2.1.1 Pathogenic bacteria
			10.2.1.2 Virus
			10.2.1.3 Parasitic protozoa
			10.2.1.4 ARB and ARGs
		10.2.2 MBR and membrane filtration
	10.3 AOPs
	10.4 Natural disinfection
		10.4.1 Constructed wetland
		10.4.2 Wastewater stabilization ponds
	10.5 Other technologies for bHRPs removal
		10.5.1 Nanomaterials
		10.5.2 Biochar
		10.5.3 Bacteriophage
	10.6 Summary
	References
11. Risk management policy for HRPs in wastewater
	11.1 Risk thresholds and criteria for different disposal or reuse purposes
		11.1.1 The United Nations environment program
		11.1.2 Risk thresholds and criteria for different disposal or reuse purposes on regional, national, or local scale
	11.2 Risk management policies and regulations
	11.3 Problems and future development of risk management of HRPs
	11.4 Summary
	References
Abbreviations
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Y
	Z