High-Energy Chemistry and Processing in Liquids

Preface
Contents
Part I High-Energy Chemistry and Processing of Metals
1 Laser-Induced Bubble Generation on Excitation of Gold Nanoparticles
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Bubble Generation on Short Pulsed-Laser Excitation of Colloidal Au NPs
	1.3 Recent Applications
		1.3.1 High-Speed Movement of Au NPs Encapsulated in a Nanoscale Bubble
		1.3.2 Micro- and Nano-Lasers Encapsulated in Bubble
		1.3.3 Plasmonic Nanobubble Can Disrupt Cell Membrane and Biofilm
	1.4 Summary and Future Outlook
	References
2 Metal and Alloy Nanoparticles Formed by Laser-Induced Nucleation Method
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Formation Mechanism of NPs by Laser-Induced Nucleation Method
	2.3 Formation of Solid-Solution Alloy Nanoparticles from Mixed Solutions by Laser-Induced Nucleation Method
	2.4 Summary
	References
3 Laser-Induced Particle Formation: Its Applications to Precious Metal Recovery from Spent Nuclear Fuel and Fundamental Studies
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Basic Principles of LIPF-Based PM Separation
	3.3 Background of LIPF-Based PM Separation
	3.4 Application of LIPF-Based PM Separation to SNF Solution
		3.4.1 LIPF-Based Separation of Pd, Rh, and Ru from a Mixture Solution with Nd
		3.4.2 Recovery of Pd from a Simulated SNF Solution Containing 14 Metals
		3.4.3 Recovery of Pd from Real SNF Solution
	3.5 Fundamentals of the LIPF Process in a Pd Solution
		3.5.1 Dependence of LIPF Efficiency on Laser Pulse Conditions
		3.5.2 LIPF Process in Pd Solution Using in Situ Time-Resolved XAS
	3.6 Summary
	References
4 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Induced by Plasma-Assisted Electrolysis
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Plasma-Assisted Electrolysis
	4.3 Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles
	4.4 Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles
	4.5 Synthesis of Core–Shell Nanoparticles
	4.6 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
	4.7 Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
5 Controllable Surface Modification of Colloidal Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation in Liquids and Its Utilization
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Utilization of Colloidal Silver NPs Prepared Using LAL for Investigating Photo-Induced Shape Conversion
	5.3 Utilization of LAL for Efficient Preparation of Submicrometer-Sized Spherical Particles
	5.4 Control of Electric Properties of Colloidal NPs Using LAL in Organic Solvents
	5.5 Summary
	References
Part II High-Energy Processing of Nonmetals
6 Fabrication and Control of Semiconductor Random Lasers Using Laser Processing Techniques
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Realization of Single Mode Random Lasing Using a Laser-Induced Melting Method
	6.3 Nanorod Array Random Lasers Fabricated by Laser-Induced Hydrothermal Synthesis
	6.4 Random Lasers Fabricated by a Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Formation Mechanism of Spherical Submicrometer Particles by Pulsed Laser Melting in Liquid
	7.1 Pulsed Laser Melting in Liquid
	7.2 Adiabatic Approach
	7.3 Heat Dissipation Effect
	7.4 Observation of Thermally Induced Nanobubbles
	7.5 Chemical Reaction Mediated by Thermally Induced Nanobubbles
	7.6 Summary
	References
8 Mass Production of Spherical Submicrometer Particles by Pulsed Laser Melting in Liquid
	8.1 Uniqueness and Functions of Spherical Submicrometer Particles Obtained by PLML
	8.2 Process Parameters Affecting the Productivity
		8.2.1 Unfocused Laser Irradiation
		8.2.2 Requirement of Lasers
		8.2.3 Required Pulse Number
		8.2.4 Effective Depth for Spherical Submicrometer Particle Formation
	8.3 Flow System for Continuous Particle Production by PLML
		8.3.1 PLAL Versus PLML
		8.3.2 Cylindrical Liquid Flow with Low Pulse Energy
		8.3.3 Cylindrical Liquid Flow with High Pulse Energy
		8.3.4 Thin Liquid Film Flow with High Pulse Energy
		8.3.5 Flow Rate Dependence and Yield
	8.4 Controlled Pulse Number Irradiation in Flow System for PLML Process Analysis
		8.4.1 Controlled Pulse Number Irradiation by Viscosity Change
		8.4.2 PLML Process Analysis by Controlled Pulse Number Irradiation
	8.5 Batch-Type Iterative Particle Production
		8.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of PLML Batch Process
		8.5.2 Numerical Simulation of PLML Batch Process
		8.5.3 Automated Iterative Batch Process for PLML Process
	8.6 Summary
	References
9 Material Processing for Colloidal Silicon Quantum Dot Formation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Bulk Silicon Targets
	9.3 Silica Matrix Targets
	9.4 Porous Silicon Targets
	9.5 Summary
	References
10 Processing of Transparent Materials Using Laser-Induced High-Energy State in Liquid
	10.1 Introduction: High-Energy States in Liquid for Laser Processing
	10.2 Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching (LIBWE) in the Initial Study
	10.3 Variation in Combination of Lasers and Materials
	10.4 Variation in Experimental Setups for LIBWE
		10.4.1 Mask Projection with Excimer Laser
		10.4.2 Etching on Interference
		10.4.3 Direct-Writing by Scanning with High Repetition
	10.5 Various Studies Regarding the Elucidation of the LIBWE Mechanisms
		10.5.1 Estimation of Temperature Rise
		10.5.2 Etch Rates and Threshold Values
		10.5.3 Characterization of Etched Surface.
		10.5.4 Diagnostic Studies on LIBWE
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Functional Nanomaterials Synthesized by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Effective Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Femtosecond Laser Ablation in Liquid
	11.3 Synthesis of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds by Femtosecond Laser Ablation in Liquid
		11.3.1 Nanodiamond Synthesis from Solid-State Carbon Source
		11.3.2 Nanodiamond Synthesis from Solvent Molecules
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12 Preparation of Functional Nanoparticles by Laser Process in Liquid and Their Optical Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Upconversion Nanoparticle
	12.3 Afterglow Nanoparticle
	12.4 Semiconductor Nanoparticle
	12.5 Organic Nanoparticle
	12.6 Summary
	References
Part III High-Energy Chemistry of Nonmetals
13 Novel Ingenious and High-Quality Utilization of Microwave High Energy in Chemical Reactions: Heterogeneous Microscopic Heating, Promoted Electron Transfer by Electromagnetic Wave Energy, and Generation of In-Liquid Plasma
	13.1 Microwaves and Microwave Energy
	13.2 Microwave Chemistry Rules
	13.3 Microwave Heterogeneous Microscopic-Thermal Effects (MHMEs) in Catalytic Chemistry
	13.4 Microwave Electromagnetic Wave Effects (MEMEs) in Photocatalytic Reactions
	13.5 Microwave-Induced In-Liquid Plasma (MILP) in Green Gel Synthesis
	13.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
14 Defect Engineering Using the High-Energy Laser-Processing Techniques and Their Application to Photocatalysis
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Experimental Methods
	14.3 Laser Ablation to the Water-Splitting Photocatalysts and Photocurrent Measurements
	14.4 Preparation of Black TiO2 Using the Laser Ablation Techniques and the Photocatalytic Activity
	14.5 Laser Ablation to the Photocatalytic Oxide Semiconductors: Defect Formation Versus Photocatalytic Activities
	14.6 Conclusions
	References
15 Crystallization and Polymorphism of Amino Acids Controlled by High-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond Laser Pulses
	15.1 Laser-Induced Crystallization and Polymorphism
	15.2 Comparison of Physical Phenomena Under cw and fs Laser Irradiation
	15.3 Theoretical Treatments
		15.3.1 Optical Trapping with High-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond Laser Pulses
		15.3.2 Nucleation Rate Based on Classical Nucleation Theory
	15.4 Crystallization and Polymorphism of L-phenylalanine via High-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond Laser Pulses
		15.4.1 Bidirectional Polymorphic Conversion [27]
		15.4.2 Polymorphic Transition Mechanisms
	15.5 Crystallization and Polymorphism of L-serine Under a High-Repetition-Rate Femtosecond Laser
		15.5.1 Crystallization and Polymorphism Dynamics of L-serine [36]
		15.5.2 Laser Polarization-Controlled Polymorphism
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Electrocatalysts Developed from Ion-Implanted Carbon Materials
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Research Trend in NP Synthesis Using Ion Implantation
	16.3 Ion-Implanted NP Electrocatalysts on Carbon Materials for HER and ORR Catalysts
		16.3.1 Nickel-Ion Implantation in CFC
		16.3.2 Tungsten-Ion Implantation in GC
	16.4 Surface/Interface States Controlled by Impurity Doping in HOPG
		16.4.1 Surface Modification by Nitrogen-Ion Implantation for Carbon-Alloy ORR Electrocatalysts
		16.4.2 Interface Structures Between Platinum-NPs and a Nitrogen-Ion-Implanted Support
	16.5 Defect-Controlled Interface Between Platinum-NPs and Carbon Support
		16.5.1 Structures of Ion-Implanted and Platinum-Deposited HOPG Surfaces
		16.5.2 Electronic Structure of Platinum-NPs on Defective Graphite Structure for Electrocatalytic Applications
	16.6 Summary and Perspective
	References
17 Bottom-up Synthetic Approaches to Carbon Nanomaterial Production in Liquid Phase by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Condensed Medium
	17.3 Synthesis of Characteristic Carbon Nanomaterials in Neat Organic Liquids
	17.4 Production of Carbon Nanomaterials in Aqueous Solution, Bilayer of Organic Liquid and Water, and Living Cells
	17.5 Summary
	References