Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Recent Advances

Contents
Preface
Waste-derived Materials: Opportunities in Photocatalysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 TiO2-based Materials: Ti from Waste
	3 ZnO-based Materials: Zn from Waste
	4 Sulfide-based Materials: S from Waste
	5 Carbon Quantum Dots: Biomass-derived
	6 Biomass-templated Materials
	7 Other Examples: Waste-derived Materials
	8 Outlook and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Mechanochemical Forces as a Synthetic Tool for Zero- and One-Dimensional Titanium Oxide-Based Nano-photocatalysts
	Abstract
	Graphical Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanotechnology and Photocatalysis
		1.2 Mechanochemical Synthesis
		1.3 Sonochemistry
			1.3.1 A Brief History
			1.3.2 Cavitation Phenomena—Mechanistic Aspects on “How Does Everything Work?”
		1.4 Ball Milling
			1.4.1 A Brief History
			1.4.2 Mechanistic Aspects on “How Ball Milling Works?”
		1.5 TiO2: The Benchmark Semiconductor Photocatalyst
		1.6 Our Approach to Organize this Article
	2 PART A—Sonication-Assisted Approaches
		2.1 0-D Particles
			2.1.1 Increasing the Porosity
			2.1.2 Controlling the Crystallinity
			2.1.3 Altering the Surface Chemical Features and Bandgap
		2.2 1-D Particles
			2.2.1 1-D Titanium Oxide and Titania
			2.2.2 1D Titania by Ultrasound Irradiation
	3 PART B
		3.1 Ball-Milling-Derived Nanomaterials
		3.2 0-D Ball-Milling-Derived Nanostructures
		3.3 1-D Ball-Milling-Derived Nanostructures
	4 Conclusions—Prospectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Improvements in Catalyst Synthesis and Photocatalytic Oxidation Processing Based on the Use of Ultrasound
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanistic Understanding of Cavitation and Its Effects
	3 Improvements in Catalyst Synthesis Based on the Use of Ultrasound
	4 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation
		4.1 SPC Reactors
		4.2 Synergy Index
		4.3 Overview of Reported Studies on SPC Degradation and Guidelines for Operating Conditions
			4.3.1 Use of TiO2 Catalyst
			4.3.2 Use of ZnO Catalyst
			4.3.3 Guidelines for the Operating Parameters
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Ferrite Materials for Photoassisted Environmental and Solar Fuels Applications
	Abstract
	1 Ferrites: Structure, Synthesis and Properties
		1.1 Structure of Ferrites
			1.1.1 Spinel Ferrites
			1.1.2 Garnet Ferrites
			1.1.3 Magnetoplumbite Ferrites
			1.1.4 Orthoferrites
		1.2 Preparation Methods
			1.2.1 Co-precipitation Method
			1.2.2 Sol–Gel Methods
			1.2.3 Thermal Methods
			1.2.4 Solid-State Reaction Methods
		1.3 Ferrite Properties
		1.4 Towards More Efficient Ferrite-Based Photocatalytic Materials
	2 Ferrite Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications: Water Detoxification and Air Depollution
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Ferrite Photocatalysts for Water Detoxification
		2.3 Ferrite Photocatalysts for Air Depollution
		2.4 Combination of Ferrite Photocatalysts and Other Oxidizing Agents
	3 Ferrite-Based Photocatalysts and Photoelectrodes for Energy Applications: Hydrogen Production and CO2 Reduction
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Ferrite Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction
			3.2.1 Single-Phase Ferrite Photocatalysts
			3.2.2 Ferrite-Based Heterojunction Photocatalysts
		3.3 Ferrite-Based Photoelectrode Materials for Solar Fuels Production
			3.3.1 Ferrite Photocathodes
			3.3.2 Ferrite Photoanodes
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Characterization of Photo-catalysts: From Traditional to Advanced Approaches
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Static View of the Photo-Catalysts: Traditional Characterization
	3 Advanced Characterization
		3.1 Operando Spectroscopy
		3.2 Spectro-Kinetic Studies
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Photocatalytic Approaches for Hydrogen Production via Formic Acid Decomposition
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Photocatalytic Systems Based on TiO2
	3 Photocatalytic Systems Based on CdS
	4 Photocatalytic Systems Based on C3N4
	5 Other Photocatalytic Systems
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Limitations and Prospects for Wastewater Treatment by UV and Visible-Light-Active Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: A Critical Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: An Overview of Consolidated and New Photocatalysts as well as Preparation Methods
		2.1 Methods for Improving Photocatalyst Activity
			2.1.1 Coupling a Primary Photocatalyst with Smaller-Bandgap Semiconductor or Its Sensitization with Dye
			2.1.2 Photocatalyst Doping with Metals
			2.1.3 Photocatalyst Doping with Non-Metals
		2.2 Photocatalyst Preparation Methods
			2.2.1 Sol–Gel Method
			2.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
			2.2.3 Precipitation Method
			2.2.4 Solution Combustion Synthesis
			2.2.5 Ultrasound (or Sonochemical)-Assisted Synthesis
			2.2.6 Comparison of Photocatalyst Preparation Methods
	3 Wastewater Treatment by HPC: Great Potential but Some Limitations and Drawbacks
		3.1 Photoconversion Efficiency
		3.2 Interfering Substances
		3.3 Suspended Versus Immobilized HPC
	4 Application of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis to Wastewater Treatment
		4.1 Tertiary Treatment of Urban Wastewater
			4.1.1 HPC for Micropollutant Removal and Bacterial Inactivation
			4.1.2 Variability in Wastewater Loads and Its Effect on Treatment
			4.1.3 Irradiance and Transmittance Through Wastewater
			4.1.4 Requirements for Widespread Adoption of Photocatalysis: A Technological Niche for HPC?
		4.2 Gray- and Stormwater Treatment
		4.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery from Hydrogen Production
			4.3.1 Pharmaceutical and Pesticide Industry Wastewater
			4.3.2 Food Industry Wastewater Treatment and Energy Recovery
			4.3.3 Tannery Wastewater
		4.4 What are HPC Prospective Uses for Wastewater Treatment?
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Photocatalytic Reactor Modeling: Application to Advanced Oxidation Processes for Chemical Pollution Abatement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Kinetics of Photocatalytic Oxidation
		2.1 Photocatalytic Kinetics in Liquid Phase
		2.2 Photocatalytic Kinetics in Gas Phase
	3 Wall Reactors
		3.1 Evaluation of Photon Absorption
			3.1.1 Radiation Boundary Conditions
			3.1.2 Optical Properties
			3.1.3 Local Surface Rate of Photon Absorption (LSRPA)
		3.2 Pollutant Degradation Results
	4 Slurry Reactors
		4.1 Evaluation of Photon Absorption
			4.1.1 Optical Properties
			4.1.2 Local Volumetric Rate of Photon Absorption (LVRPA)
		4.2 Pollutant Degradation Results
	5 Fixed-Bed Reactors
		5.1 Evaluation of Photon Absorption
		5.2 Pollutant Degradation Results
	6 Photocatalytic Efficiency
		6.1 Definitions
		6.2 Photonic and Quantum Efficiency for Comparison Purposes
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References