Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry

Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 5
Clusters, Microparticles, and Particles......Page 6
COMMON PROBLEMS IN NUCLEATION AND GROWTH, CHEMICAL KINETICS, AND CATALYSIS......Page 7
Growth of a Single Component Aerosol......Page 11
Surface Rmaction-Controlled Growth......Page 12
Dimensionless Size Spectra Evolution......Page 13
References......Page 16
Clusters Between Ions and Molecules......Page 18
Considerations of Gas-to-Particle Conversion......Page 24
Implications of Cluster Research to OtherProblems in the Field of Atmospheric Science......Page 28
Conclusions......Page 29
References......Page 30
Introduction......Page 33
Electrostatic Energy Contribution to the Total Free Energy Change......Page 34
Computed Results and Discussions......Page 35
Conclusion......Page 36
References......Page 37
Introduction......Page 38
Description of Experiment......Page 39
Cluster Formation......Page 40
Cluster Electron Diffraction......Page 41
Cluster Structure......Page 44
References......Page 46
Aerosol Preparation......Page 49
Bromination of 1-Octadecene......Page 50
Preparation of Metal Oxides......Page 51
References......Page 54
The Physics of Small Particle Photophoresis......Page 55
Photophoretic Spectrometer......Page 58
Experiments......Page 59
Future......Page 60
References......Page 61
Analysis of Individual Microparticles......Page 62
Chemical Composition......Page 63
Structural Data......Page 64
Particle Surfaces......Page 65
Analysis of Surfaces of Copper Smelter Fly Ash by Electron Microscopy......Page 66
Zinc Oxide Fourlings......Page 69
Filamentous Carbon Particles With Attached Metal Catalysts......Page 76
References......Page 80
Introduction......Page 82
Intrinsic Properties of Metal Clusters......Page 83
Cluster Density of States......Page 84
Cluster Magnetism......Page 86
The Interaction of Metal Clusters With Atoms and Molecules......Page 88
References......Page 90
Introduction......Page 92
The Prevalence of Carbonaceous Deposits......Page 94
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
General Rate Law......Page 97
Evaluation of k......Page 98
Evaluation of 0eq......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 100
Removal by Aerosol......Page 101
References......Page 102
Results for Prototype Reaction Systems......Page 103
Reactions With a Sulfuric Acid Surface......Page 104
Reactions With Carbonaceous Surfaces......Page 105
References......Page 106
Experimental......Page 107
Results......Page 108
References......Page 109
Objectives and Introduction......Page 111
Previous Work......Page 113
General Description......Page 114
Low Deactivation Coefficient Measurement......Page 116
Radical Destruction on Coated Rod Surfaces......Page 117
Discussion of Atom Destruction on Aerosol Surfaces......Page 118
Discussion of Deactivation on Rod Coatings......Page 120
Significance of the Results to Atmospheric Chemistry......Page 121
Conclusions......Page 122
References......Page 123
General Considerations......Page 126
Experimental......Page 128
Photoassisted Hydrogen Productionfrom Titania and Water......Page 129
The Photocatalytic Reaction of Water with Carbon over Platinized Titania......Page 131
The Role of Surface Hydroxyl Groups......Page 135
References......Page 137
Introduction: Definition and Reactions......Page 140
Photocatalyzed Alkane Partial Oxidation......Page 141
Photocatalyzed Dechlorinations......Page 142
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Atmospheric Chemistry?......Page 143
References......Page 145
Apparatus Description......Page 147
Results......Page 148
Interpretation of the Data......Page 150
References......Page 152
Introduction and Background......Page 153
General Features of the Analyses......Page 154
Inter-Mountain Area Utah/Montana......Page 155
Analyses From Urban Areas......Page 156
Discussion......Page 157
References......Page 159
Experimental Procedure......Page 161
Condensation Phenomena......Page 162
NO Disproportionation......Page 165
Ozone Recombination......Page 167
NO Oxidation......Page 168
References......Page 169
Evidence for Excited Molecule Generation at Surfaces......Page 171
Energy Partitioning in Surface Reactions:Relevance to Atmospheric Chemistry......Page 173
References......Page 175
Results and Discussion......Page 177
References......Page 179
Introduction......Page 181
Results Experimental......Page 182
Hydroaerodynamic Submodel......Page 184
Solution Method and Results......Page 185
Notation......Page 187
References......Page 188
Background......Page 190
The First Dissociation Constant......Page 191
The Second Dissociation Constant......Page 193
Ionic Activity......Page 196
References......Page 197
Selected Considerations......Page 199
Chemical Forms of the Transition Metals......Page 200
Likely Transition Metal Catalysts......Page 201
Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Pathway......Page 202
References......Page 204
Evidence RegardingHeterogeneous Reactionsin the Atmosphere......Page 206
Introduction......Page 207
Direct Evidence for Heterogeneous Processes......Page 208
Indirect Evidence for Heterogeneous Processes......Page 210
References......Page 217
Soot in the Atmosphere......Page 218
Soot-Catalyzed SO2 Oxidation......Page 220
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 224
Catalytic and Noncatalytic Oxidation Reactions in Wetted Aerosols......Page 225
Calculation Scheme......Page 226
Results......Page 228
Discussion......Page 230
References......Page 232
Chemistry......Page 234
Microphysics......Page 236
Simulations......Page 238
Conclusions......Page 241
References......Page 242
Sulfate Formation in Power Plant Plumes......Page 244
Sulfate in Background Air......Page 249
References......Page 251
Data Base......Page 253
Regression Analysis......Page 256
Discussion......Page 258
References......Page 259
Introduction......Page 260
Experimental......Page 261
Results and Discussion......Page 262
References......Page 266
Introduction......Page 267
Review of CO-CH4 Chemistry......Page 268
Heterogeneous Removal......Page 269
Variation With Particle Residence Time......Page 271
Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient......Page 272
Effect of Heterogeneous Removal on the CO-CH4 Chemistry Models......Page 273
Comparison with CH2O, H2O2, and HNO3 Concentrations......Page 274
Summary......Page 275
References......Page 276
Acknowledgements......Page 277