Herpes Simplex Viruses (Infectious Disease and Therapy)

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Contributors......Page 16
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
ORIGINS OF THE FAMILY HERPESVIRIDAE Common Descent of Mammalian Avian Herpesviruses......Page 21
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE SUBFAMILY ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE Proposed Cospeciations of Viruses and Hosts......Page 23
Relationships of the HSV Species and Other OWP Viruses......Page 25
EVOLUTION OF ALPHAHERPESVIRUS GENOME STRUCTURES AND GENE SETS Evolution of Genomic Unique and Repeat Elements......Page 27
Genes Specific to the Simplexvirus Genus......Page 28
Comparison of Genes of HSV-1 and HSV-2......Page 29
CLASSES AND MECHANISMS OF HSV GENOMIC VARIATION Nucleotide Substitutions......Page 30
Variable Tandem Repeats......Page 32
Recombination in HSV DNA Replication and Biology......Page 33
Comparisons of HSV-1 and HSV-2 Variability......Page 35
Molecular Diversity Across the Genome......Page 36
Population Molecular Diversity......Page 38
STUDIES OF HSV-1 POPULATION RELATIONSHIPS AND ORIGINS Restriction Site Data and Japanese Human Origins......Page 39
Sequence Data and Population Relationships......Page 42
PROSPECTS......Page 44
REFERENCES......Page 45
VACCINES FOR PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) Goals of an HSV Vaccine......Page 54
HSV Vaccine Development: Results of Trials in Animal Models......Page 56
Studies of HSV-2 Glycoprotein Vaccines in Humans......Page 58
Table 1......Page 59
NOVEL DIRECTIONS IN HSV VACCINE DESIGN......Page 60
Evasion from CD8*T CELLS......Page 61
Evasion from Antibody and Complement......Page 62
CONCLUSIONS......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
INTRODUCTION......Page 74
Table 1 The Different Phases of the Epidemiology of HSV-1 and HSV-2 Through-out......Page 75
PHASE I—THE COEVOLUTION (OR EVO-EPI) PHASE......Page 76
PHASE II—THE INFRASTRUCTURE PHASE......Page 78
PHASE III—THE MODERN PHASE......Page 79
VIEWING THE NATURAL HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HSV-1 AND HSV-2 IN CONTEXT OF THE MAJOR RECENT CHANGES IN THE WORLD......Page 84
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HSV-1 INFECTION......Page 85
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2......Page 91
HSV INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, PARTICULARLY HIV......Page 97
CHALLENGES FOR RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES DURING PHASE IV......Page 99
CONCLUSIONS......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
INTRODUCTION......Page 118
HSV STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION HSV Virion......Page 119
Table 1 Functions of HSV Glycoproteins......Page 121
Primary Infection and Viraemia......Page 122
Persistency/Latency......Page 123
Fate of the Infected Cell......Page 125
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE HOST......Page 126
HSV Virulence Traits......Page 127
CONCLUSIONS......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
INTRODUCTION......Page 138
Table 1 Clinically Relevant Issues (Broad Terms) in the Management......Page 139
DETECTION OF VIRAL GENOMES, WHOLE VIRUS, AND VIRAL ANTIGENS Molecular Detection Techniques......Page 140
Table 2......Page 143
Virus Culture......Page 145
Antigen Detection......Page 147
Electron Microscopy......Page 148
DETECTION OF ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES......Page 149
CNS Infection......Page 152
Table 3......Page 153
Neonatal HSV......Page 155
Genital HSV......Page 156
Eye Infection......Page 157
Immunocompromised Patients......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY......Page 172
TREATMENT OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) INFECTIONS......Page 173
Table 1 Disease Manifestations of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections......Page 177
Table 2......Page 178
Table 3......Page 182
MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 185
TOXICITY OF CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 186
RESISTANCE......Page 188
Table 4 Resistance Conferring Mutations of Drug-Resistant HSV......Page 189
DRUG DISCOVERY......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 193
PATHOGENESIS......Page 196
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 197
TRANSMISSION AND VIRUS SHEDDING......Page 198
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 199
COMPLICATIONS......Page 200
DIAGNOSIS......Page 201
THERAPY......Page 202
Table 1 Summary of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Studies with......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
HERPES WHITLOW......Page 210
HERPES GLADIATORUM AND HSV FOLLICULITIS......Page 211
ECZEMA HERPETICUM......Page 212
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME (EM)......Page 213
DISSEMINATED CUTANEOUS HSV......Page 214
POSTOPERATIVE HSV-1 REACTIVATION......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 219
INTRODUCTION......Page 222
EPIDEMIOLOGY Causative Viral Types......Page 223
Incidence......Page 224
HSV Seroprevalence......Page 225
Transmission......Page 227
First Episode Genital Herpes......Page 229
Primary Infection......Page 230
Recurrences......Page 231
Differential Diagnosis......Page 233
Detection of HSV......Page 234
Type-Specific Serological Tests......Page 235
MANAGEMENT First Episode Genital Herpes......Page 236
New Drug Therapy in Genital Herpes......Page 243
Prevention......Page 244
Improved Management of Genital Herpes......Page 246
Vaccines......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
INTRODUCTION......Page 258
Table 1 Classification of HSV Ocular Disease......Page 259
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Transmission......Page 260
Role of Virus and Immune Response......Page 261
Corneal Latency......Page 263
EPIDEMIOLOGY Etiology......Page 264
Bilateral Ocular Disease......Page 266
HSV Corneal Epithelial Disease......Page 267
HSV Corneal Stromal Disease......Page 269
HSV Endotheliitis......Page 272
HSV Anterior Uveitis and Trabeculitis......Page 275
Associations Between HSV and Other Ocular Diseases......Page 276
Pediatric Manifestations......Page 277
DIAGNOSTICS......Page 278
TREATMENT Medical Treatment......Page 279
Table 2 Indications for Antivirals in the Treatment of Different Forms of......Page 280
Table 3 Indications for Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Different Forms of......Page 281
Surgical Treatment......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 284
INTRODUCTION......Page 294
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 295
Clinical Presentation of HSE......Page 296
Differential Diagnoses......Page 297
Prognosis......Page 298
Relapse......Page 299
Acute Retinal Necrosis......Page 300
DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES......Page 301
Neuroimaging......Page 302
CSF analyses......Page 309
PATHOGENESIS......Page 318
Autopsy Findings......Page 319
CSF Studies on Immune Activation and Astroglial and Neural Destruction......Page 320
Pathogenesis in Relapse......Page 321
Antiviral Treatment......Page 322
Management of High Intracranial Pressure......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
12 Neurological Disease in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Infection......Page 336
ASEPTIC MENINGITIS Epidemiology......Page 337
Pathogenesis......Page 338
Clinical Picture......Page 339
ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 340
RECURRENT HERPETIC DISEASE......Page 341
Diagnosis......Page 343
PRIMARY MENINGITIS......Page 345
RECURRENT MENINGITIS......Page 346
RADICULOMYELOPATHY......Page 347
MYELITIS......Page 348
CONCLUSION......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 351
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
ANATOMY OF THE FACIAL NERVE......Page 359
REACTIVATION OF HSV AS A CAUSE OF BELL’S PALSY (HYPOTHESIS)......Page 360
PRIMARY HSV INFECTION AND FACIAL PARALYSIS......Page 362
ANIMAL MODELS OF FACIAL PARALYSIS BY HSV INFECTION......Page 363
Table 2 Animal Models of HSV Infection in the Facial Nerve......Page 364
VIRUS ISOLATION IN PATIENTS WITH BELL’S PALSY......Page 365
SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS......Page 367
DETECTION OF HSV GENOMES IN PATIENTS WITH BELL’S PALSY......Page 369
MECHANISM BY WHICH HSV CAUSES FACIAL PARALYSIS......Page 371
CONFLICTING ISSUES AGAINST HSV ETIOLOGY IN BELL’S PALSY......Page 373
TREATMENT OF BELL’S PALSY......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
INTRODUCTION......Page 382
Herpesvirus Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation......Page 383
Clinical Manifestations......Page 384
Prevention and Treatment......Page 387
Table 1 Summary of Major Recommendations for Prevention and Management of......Page 388
HSV INFECTIONS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS......Page 389
Inter-Relationship Between HSV and HIV Infection......Page 390
Clinical Manifestations and Their Treatment......Page 391
Table 2 Clinical Trials Evaluating Valaciclovir and Famciclovir in HIV-Infected......Page 394
Table 3 Recommended Antiviral Treatment and Suppressive Regimens for HSV......Page 395
HSV Resistance to Antiviral Drugs......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 403
INTRODUCTION......Page 414
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 415
Table 1 Risk Factors Associated with Neonatal Infection by HSV......Page 416
Intrapartum and Postnatal Infection......Page 418
Table 3 Mean Age of Presentation of Neonatal HSV Disease......Page 419
Table 4 Clinical Signs and Symptoms in CNS Infections......Page 420
Table 5 Laboratory Findings in HSV CNS Disease......Page 421
VIROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 423
TREATMENT......Page 425
REFERENCES......Page 427
Future Outlooks......Page 430
Index......Page 434
About the Editors......Page 440
Back cover......Page 441