Herodotean Soundings: The Cambyses Logos

Contents
Herodotean Soundings
Close readings: Linguistic, narratological and philosophical perspectives
	Just Who is Cambyses?
		1‍ ‍Overview: the Cambyses logos—doubles, identity, recognition
		2‍ ‍Whose Version? Adopting a Persian viewpoint (chs. 1–3)
		3‍ ‍Halicarnassian guides (chs. 4–10)
		4‍ ‍Pitying Psammenitus (ch. 3.14)
		5‍ ‍Whose curiosity? The Ethiopian logos (chs. 17–25)
		6‍ ‍Recognizing divinity: Apis (chs. 27–9)
		7‍ ‍Who’s laughing now? Mocking agalmata (ch. 37)
		8‍ ‍Proofs of Madness (chs. 38 and 34–5)
		9‍ ‍Cambyses, c’est moi (ch. 64–5)
		10‍ ‍What caused the madness of Herodotus’ Cambyses?
		11‍ ‍Conclusion and Further Directions
			Summary
				Challenge
				Forward
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	Herodotus’ verbal strategies to depict Cambyses’ abnormality
		1‍ ‍Forward-oriented discourse deixis, and zooming in on horrifying details
		2‍ ‍Stress on Cambyses’ nonverbal and verbal illogicality
		3‍ ‍The contrast with judicious logos (epilogue of the story)
		4‍ ‍Negative markers and counterfactual conditionals: allusions to ‘normal’ counterparts
		5‍ ‍Conclusions
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	Relativism in Herodotus
		1‍ ‍Introduction
		2‍ ‍Distinguishing Relativisms
		3‍ ‍Crimes in a Foreign Land: Cultural Relativism and the Judgement of Cambyses
		4‍ ‍Judging other Cultures: Herodotus on Babylon
		5‍ ‍Relativising the Gods and the Holy: Epistemological and Theological Relativism in Herodotus
		6‍ ‍Knowledge about the Divine: Positive Knowledge
		7‍ ‍Tradition and the Ethnos
		8‍ ‍Clash: Scythians and Greeks
		9‍ ‍Conclusions
		Bibliography
The Cambyses logos and other sources on the conquest of Egypt
	Perception and Reception of Cambyses as Conqueror and King of Egypt
		1‍ ‍Basal source criticism
			1.1‍ ‍The contemporary perception of Cambyses: major challenges
			1.2‍ ‍Primary sources (I) for Cambyses’ (conquest of and) rule over Egypt
			1.3‍ ‍Secondary sources (II) for Cambyses’ conquest of and rule over Egypt
				1.3.1‍ ‍Secondary sources IIa: same chronological, close spatial/cultural context
					Secondary sources IIb: close chronological, same spatial/cultural context
					Secondary sources IIc: same chronological, different spatial/cultural context
				1.3.2‍ ‍Secondary sources IId: different chronological, same spatial/cultural context
			1.4‍ ‍Tertiary sources (III) for Cambyses’ conquest of and rule over Egypt
				Tertiary sources IIIa: wider chronological and different spatial/cultural context
				Tertiary sources IIIb: wider spatial/cultural and a different chronological context
				Tertiary sources IIIc: completely different cultural context
		2‍ ‍The primary and secondary sources reconsidered
			2.1‍ ‍The primary sources
				Sources from the local administration (I.5–7)
				Sources from the royal administration (I.3–4)
				The sacral sources relating to the Apis cult (I.1–2)
			2.2‍ ‍The secondary sources
				The sale contract of an “Egyptian from his booty” from Babylon (IIa.1)
				The Bisutun inscription DB I.28–43 / §10–11 (IIb.1)
				The statues of Udjahorresnet (IIb.2–3)
				The Wadi Hammamat inscription of Atiyawahi from year 12 of Xerxes I (IIb.4)
				IIc sources
				The “petition of Peteese” on pRylands IX (IId.1)
				The Aramaic letters from Elephantine TADAE A4.6–9 (IId.2–5)
		3‍ ‍Crossover to the tertiary sources: Herodotus’ account reconsidered
			3.1‍ ‍Herodotus’ informants
			3.2‍ ‍Conclusions
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	Cambyses the Egyptian?
		1‍ ‍Cambyses and Amasis in Egyptian sources
			1.1‍ ‍P. Cairo CG 50059
			1.2‍ ‍P. Rylands 9
			1.3‍ ‍P. Bib. Nat. Paris 215
			1.4‍ ‍TAD A4.7–8
		2‍ ‍Cambyses vs. Amasis
		3‍ ‍Darius vs. Cambyses
		4‍ ‍Herodotus vs. Cambyses
		5‍ ‍Conclusion
		Bibliography
	A comparative look at the post-Herodotean Cambyses
		1‍ ‍Herodotus’ Heritage? The paradigm of a mad king
			1.1‍ ‍Cambyses’ position between two more highly regarded kings
			1.2‍ ‍Cambyses’ worst acts of violence directed against the human body and the killing of the Apis
		2‍ ‍A post-Herodotean Cambyses apart from Herodotus?
			2.1‍ ‍The destruction and plundering of the Egyptian sanctuaries
			2.2‍ ‍The campaign against the Ammonians
			2.3‍ ‍The ambiguous assessment of Cambyses’ campaign against the Ethiopians
		3‍ ‍Appendix
			3.1‍ ‍A glimpse at the variety of facts and names in the stories on Cambyses’ family, his conquest of Egypt and his final destiny
			3.2‍ ‍Cambyses’ Egyptian campaign
			3.3‍ ‍Cambyses’ final destiny and the reign of the Magi
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
Geopolitical dimensions of the Cambyses logos
	On the historical and archaeological background of Cambyses’ alliance with Arab tribes
		1‍ ‍Introduction
		2‍ ‍Herodotus’ report on the alliance
		3‍ ‍The Annals of Esarhaddon and the credibility of Herodotus
		4‍ ‍Arabia—an overview
		5‍ ‍The silver hoard from Tell el-Maskhuta and its implications for Cambyses’ campaign
		6‍ ‍Conclusions
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	An “Ammonian Tale”
		1‍ ‍Herodotus’ testimonies on the Persian Expedition against the Ammonians
		1.1‍ ‍The passages concerning the expedition in Herodotus, Book 3
		1.2‍ ‍The two sources of Herodotus and the objective of the Persian expedition
		2‍ ‍The territory of the Ammonians at the end of the 6th century BC: the strategical motivations of Cambyses
			2.1‍ ‍The Southern Oasis as a zone of rebellion
			2.2‍ ‍The territory of the Ammonians as a prosperous march between Egypt and Libya
		3‍ ‍Political memories of the Western Desert and the Herodotean account
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	The revolt of Petubastis IV during the reigns of Cambyses and Darius
		1‍ ‍When did the revolt of Petubastis IV commence?
		2‍ ‍What was the purpose of Cambyses’ desert expedition?
		3‍ ‍Who were the Ammonians?
		4‍ ‍Conclusion
		Bibliography
	Pindaric ‘arrows’ in Herodotus: Ψάμμος (Hdt. 3.26)
		1‍ ‍Introduction
		2‍ ‍The Campaign against the Ammonians: Two Interpretations
		3‍ ‍Analyzing Linguistic Aspects and Circumstantial Evidence
			3.1‍ ‍The explicit Reference to Pindar in Hdt. 3.38.4 and Thebes
			3.2‍ ‍The preceding context: Hdt. 3.25
			3.3‍ ‍The campaign against the Ammonians (Hdt. 3.26.1–3)—and Pindar again
		4‍ ‍Conclusion
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
Cambyses and the Egyptian Temples
	Cambyses’ Attitude towards Egyptian Temples in Contemporary Texts and Later Sources
		1‍ ‍Reconsidering the time factor as told in Herodotus
		2‍ ‍The reason for Egypt’s conquest
		3‍ ‍The Conquest of Egypt
		4‍ ‍Continuity and Reorganization of Religion and Bureaucracy
		5‍ ‍Cambyses’ Atrocities against Egyptian religious institutes and temples—Fiction or truth?
			5.1‍ ‍The Persian Arrival at Thebes
			5.2‍ ‍The Campaign of Cambyses against the Ethiopians
			5.3‍ ‍The Campaign against the Ammonians
			5.4‍ ‍The Murder of the Apis Bull
			5.5‍ ‍Cambyses and the Temple of Ptah
			5.6‍ ‍Persian rulers purported to have destroyed temples
			5.7‍ ‍The Aramaic Papyri Cowley 30, 31 (TADAE A 4.7 recto 14, TADAE A 4.8 recto 12–13)
			5.8‍ ‍Biblical Texts: Jeremiah 43
		6‍ ‍Conclusion
		Bibliography
			Abbreviations
	Cambyses’ Decree and the destruction of Egyptian temples
		1‍ ‍The Herodotean Cambyses
		2‍ ‍The verso of the ‘Demotic Chronicle’
		3‍ ‍The ‘law of the temple’
		4‍ ‍The text of Cambyses’ decree
		5‍ ‍The implication of Cambyses’ decree
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	Cambyses and the sanctuary of Ptah
		Bibliography
			Editions of classical authors
				References
	List of Contributors
	Index nominum, rerum et locorum
	Index fontium