Herbicide resistance and world grains

Herbicide Resistance and World Grains......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Editors......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 12
1.2.1 RESISTANCE DEFINED......Page 13
1.2.2 LEARNING FROM THE HISTORY OF RESISTANCE......Page 14
1.2.3 WHEN AND WHERE RESISTANCE EVOLVED......Page 15
1.2.3.1.1 Wheat......Page 19
1.2.3.1.4 Soybean......Page 20
1.2.3.2.2 Perennial crops......Page 25
1.2.4 WEEDS THAT ARE RESISTANCE GENERALISTS......Page 26
1.3 RESISTANCE IN THE DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING WORLD......Page 27
1.4 SUMMARY......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 31
CONTENTS......Page 34
2.2.1 RESISTANCE TO PHOTOSYSTEM II-INHIBITING HERBICIDES......Page 35
2.2.2 RESISTANCE TO MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY-INHIBITING HERBICIDES......Page 37
2.2.3 RESISTANCE TO ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE-INHIBITING HERBICIDES......Page 39
2.2.4 RESISTANCE TO ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE-INHIBITING HERBICIDES......Page 42
2.2.5 RESISTANCE TO GLYPHOSATE......Page 43
2.3 HERBICIDE DETOXIFICATION-BASED RESISTANCE MECHANISMS......Page 44
2.3.1 GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES......Page 46
2.3.3 CYTOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASES......Page 47
2.4 MECHANISMS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE OTHER THAN TARGET-SITE MODIFICATIONS OR HERBICIDE METABOLISM......Page 50
2.4.1 RESISTANCE TO BIPYRIDYL HERBICIDES......Page 51
2.4.2 RESISTANCE TO GLYPHOSATE......Page 53
2.4.3 RESISTANCE TO AUXIN MIMICS......Page 54
2.5.1 EVOLUTION AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF MULTIPLE-RESISTANCE......Page 55
2.5.1.1 Multiple-Resistance by Sequential Herbicide Selection......Page 56
2.5.1.2 Multiple-Resistance by Selection with a Single Herbicide......Page 57
2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 60
CONTENTS......Page 72
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 73
3.1.2 WHY A MODELING APPROACH?......Page 74
3.1.3 EXISTING HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE MODELS......Page 75
3.2 THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF ANNUAL WEED SPECIES......Page 76
3.3.1.1 Genetic Mutation to Resistance......Page 77
3.3.1.2 Initial Gene Frequencies for Herbicide Resistance......Page 78
3.3.2 SELECTION PRESSURE......Page 79
3.3.3 INHERITANCE OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE......Page 80
3.3.3.1 Dominance......Page 81
3.3.4 MATING SYSTEMS......Page 82
3.3.5 GENE FLOW......Page 83
3.3.6 FITNESS......Page 84
3.4.1.1 The Life Cycle......Page 85
3.4.1.2.1 Competition equations......Page 87
3.4.2.2.2 Independent populations......Page 88
3.4.2.4 Explicit Genotypes......Page 89
3.4.2.5 Gene Ratios......Page 90
3.4.2.6 Two Genes......Page 95
3.4.2.7 Polygenic Resistance......Page 99
3.5 SIMULATION MODELS AS TOOLS FOR HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 100
3.5.1 SCENARIO 1: CONTINUOUS CROPPING WITH INTENSIVE USE OF SINGLE MODE OF ACTION HERBICIDE......Page 101
3.5.3 SCENARIO 3: CONTINUOUS CROPPING WITH LESS INTENSIVE USE OF SINGLE MODE OF ACTION HERBICIDE AND INCREASED CULTURAL CONTROL (INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT)......Page 102
3.6 SUMMARY......Page 105
3.7 APPENDIX......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
CONTENTS......Page 111
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 112
4.1.3 HERBICIDES AND WEED POPULATIONS......Page 113
4.1.5 OVERVIEW OF HERBICIDES AND WEED MANAGEMENT......Page 114
4.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF MAJOR MAIZE AND SOYBEAN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 115
4.2.1 NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA......Page 116
4.2.1.1 United States, Mexico, and Canada......Page 117
4.2.1.2 Brazil......Page 118
4.2.3 CHINA......Page 119
4.3.1 NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA......Page 120
4.3.1.1.1 Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicide resistance......Page 121
4.3.1.1.3 Dinitroaniline (DNA) herbicide resistance......Page 125
4.3.1.1.5 Glyphosate herbicide resistance......Page 128
4.3.2 WESTERN AND EASTERN EUROPE......Page 129
4.3.3 CHINA......Page 133
4.4 MANAGEMENT TACTICS FOR HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN MAIZE AND SOYBEAN AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 134
4.4.1 MANAGEMENT TACTICS USED HISTORICALLY FOR HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED POPULATIONS......Page 136
4.4.2 ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT TACTICS FOR HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED POPULATIONS......Page 137
4.4.2.1.1 Utilization of herbicide tank mixtures......Page 138
4.4.2.1.4 Alternative herbicide use strategies......Page 139
4.4.2.2 Herbicide-Resistant Traits in Maize and Soybean as a Tactic to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weed Populations......Page 140
4.4.2.3 Tillage and Mechanical Management Tactics to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weed Populations......Page 142
4.4.2.4.1 Crop rotations......Page 143
4.4.2.4.3 Adjustment of seeding rate......Page 144
4.4.2.4.5 Crop cultivars......Page 145
4.4.2.4.7 Management of weed seedbanks......Page 146
4.4.2.4.8 Adjustment of nutrient use......Page 147
4.4.2.4.9 Biological control strategies......Page 148
4.4.3 WHY HISTORIC TACTICS DO NOT WORK AND ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED POPULATIONS......Page 149
4.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 174
5.2.2 ASIA......Page 175
5.2.3 AUSTRALIA......Page 176
5.2.5 MIDDLE EAST......Page 177
5.2.7 SOUTH AMERICA......Page 178
5.3 FACTORS AFFECTING WEED RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES......Page 179
5.3.1 AFRICA......Page 181
5.3.3 AUSTRALIA......Page 182
5.3.4 EUROPE......Page 187
5.3.6 NORTH AMERICA......Page 188
5.3.7 SOUTH AMERICA......Page 191
5.4.1 AUSTRALIA......Page 192
5.4.3 INDIA......Page 194
5.4.4 NORTH AMERICA......Page 195
5.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
CONTENTS......Page 204
6.2 THE RICE AGROECOSYSTEMS AND RICE-PRODUCING AREAS OF THE WORLD......Page 205
6.2.1.2 Rainfed Lowland Rice......Page 206
6.2.1.3 Upland Rice......Page 207
6.2.2.1 Asia......Page 208
6.2.2.2 The Americas......Page 209
6.2.2.4 Australia......Page 210
6.3.1 WEEDS AS A CONSTRAINT TO RICE PRODUCTION......Page 211
6.3.2.1 Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides (Group 2)......Page 212
6.3.2.2 Resistance to the PS II-Inhibiting Herbicide Propanil (Group 7)......Page 219
6.3.2.3 Resistance to Herbicides That Inhibit Lipid Synthesis (Thiocarbamates, Group 8, and Chloroacetamides, Group 15)......Page 221
6.3.2.4 Resistance to Other Herbicides......Page 222
6.3.3.1 Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides (Group 2)......Page 223
6.3.3.2 Resistance to the PS II-Inhibiting Herbicide Propanil (Group 7)......Page 224
6.3.3.4 Resistance to Other Herbicides......Page 225
6.4 HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 226
6.4.1 MINIMIZING THE EVOLUTION OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE......Page 227
6.4.2.1.3 Delayed planting for preseeding weed control......Page 228
6.4.2.1.4 Crop rotation......Page 229
6.4.2.1.5 Competitive varieties and increased rice seeding rate......Page 230
6.4.2.2.1 Alternative herbicides......Page 232
6.4.2.2.2 Use of synergists......Page 240
6.4.2.3 Herbicide-Resistant Rice Cultivars......Page 241
6.4.3 FEASIBILITY AND IMPACT OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS......Page 242
6.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
CONTENTS......Page 259
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 260
7.2.1 INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES......Page 261
7.2.2 ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION......Page 262
7.2.3 EXPLANATIONS OF THE SIGMOIDAL DIFFUSION CURVE......Page 263
7.2.4.3 Government Policies......Page 265
7.2.4.6 Observability and Trialability......Page 266
7.2.4.9 Education......Page 267
7.2.4.11 Marketing......Page 268
7.2.5 RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 269
7.2.6 ADOPTION OF RESISTANCE-PREVENTION STRATEGIES......Page 271
7.3 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE AS A FARMING SYSTEMS/RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROBLEM......Page 272
7.3.1 MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 273
7.3.2.2 Benefits and Costs of Conserving the Herbicide Resource......Page 275
7.3.2.3 Implications of Herbicide Resistance for Optimal Land Use......Page 277
7.3.2.4 Implications for Farmer Decision Making......Page 278
7.4.1 EXTERNALITIES FROM SPREAD......Page 279
7.4.3 UNCERTAINTY/INFORMATION FAILURES......Page 280
7.5 CONCLUSION......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
CONTENTS......Page 286
8.2.1.1 Council Directive 91/414......Page 287
8.2.1.1.1 Dutch Plant Protection Service resistance initiative......Page 288
8.2.2 CURRENT STATUS OF THE EPPO GUIDELINE......Page 289
8.2.4.1 Risk Analysis......Page 290
8.2.6 MONITORING OF KEY SPECIES......Page 291
8.2.9 IMPLICATIONS OF THE EPPO GUIDELINE FOR CROP PROTECTION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT......Page 292
8.2.10 IMPACT OF EUROPEAN REGULATIONS ON RESISTANCE......Page 293
8.3.1 GENERAL REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 294
8.3.3 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS......Page 295
8.3.4 LABELING HERBICIDES BY MODE OF ACTION......Page 296
8.3.4.1 Goals of Labeling Herbicides by MOA for Resistance Management......Page 298
8.4 ROLE OF REGULATIONS IN HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 301