Hegel, Marx and Vygotsky. Essays on Social Philosophy

Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Acknowledgements
Analytical Contents List
Illustrations
Introduction
Chapter 1 What Is the Difference between Hegel and Marx?
	1 The Main Difference between Hegel and Marx Is the Times They Lived In
	2 The Young Marx vs. Hegel on the State
	3 Hegel and Marx on Universal Suffrage
	4 Marx and Hegel on the State
	5 Hegel’s Misogyny
	6 Hegel’s Failure to See the Contradiction in the Value of Commodities
	7 Universal Suffrage and Participatory Democracy
	8 In What Sense Was Hegel an Idealist?
		8.1 Hegel Described Himself as an Idealist
		8.2 Hegel Emphasised the Active Side Rather Than Passive Contemplation
		8.3 Hegel Took the Social Elite to Be the Agents of Change
		8.4 Hegel Believed That Institutions Tend to Be True to Their Concept
		8.5 Hegel Minimised the Effect of Mundane Relations on Institutions
		8.6 Hegel Overestimated Speculative Reason Relative to Social Process Itself
	9 Turning Hegel on His Head
	10 Goethe, Hegel and Marx
		10.1 Activity and Concepts
		10.2 The Method of Political Economy
		10.3 The Commodity
		10.4 Unit and Germ Cell
		10.5 The Urpraxis Is the ‘Simplest Social Form’
		10.6 ‘Everything’ vs. a Gestalt
		10.7 Commodity and Capital
	11 Summary
Chapter 2 The Unit of Analysis and Germ Cell in Hegel, Marx and Vygotsky
	1 From Goethe to Marx
		1.1 Origins of the Concept of “Cell” as a Method of Analysis
		1.2 Hegel’s Formulation of the Idea
			1.2.1 The One
		1.3 Marx’s Appropriation of Hegel
			1.3.1 The Unit of Capital
			1.3.2 The Development of Science
			1.3.3 Hegel on Mediation and Immediacy
	2 Vygotsky and Activity Theory
		2.1 Vygotsky on the Method of Double Stimulation
			2.1.1 Word Meaning
			2.1.2 Concepts as Units of the Intellect
			2.1.3 The Formation of Concepts
			2.1.4 Germ Cell and Unit of Analysis
			2.1.5 Five Applications of the Method of Analysis by Units
				2.1.5.1 Perezhivanie
				2.1.5.2 Defect-Compensation
				2.1.5.3 Social Situation of Development
				2.1.5.4 Activities
		2.2 The Importance of Vygotsky for Social Theory
		2.3 A Note on Reification and Units of Analysis
			2.3.1 Marx’s Capital
			2.3.2 Vygotsky’s Thinking and Speech
Chapter 3 Concrete Historicism as a Research Paradigm
	1 Structuralism and Abstract Historicism
		1.1 Logic and History in Hegel
		1.2 Logic and History for Marx
		1.3 Logic and Development for Vygotsky
		1.4 Logic and History for Foucault
	2 Concrete Historicism
		2.1 Units of Analysis
		2.2 The Germ Cell
	3 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Perezhivanie as Human Self-Creation
	1 Introduction
	2 No Mystery
	3 An Experience
	4 Etymology
	5 Catharsis
	6 Personality
	7 Continuity and Discontinuity
	8 Unity
	9 Lived Experiences
	10 Units
	11 Development
	12 Reflection
	13 Examples
	14 Critiques
	15 Perezhivaniya on the Social-Historical Plane
	16 Conclusion
Chapter 5 Agency
	1 The Domains of Self-Determination
	2 Free Will
	3 The Natural Will
	4 The Development of the Will in Childhood
	5 Self-Control
	6 Acquisition of Ideals
	7 Perezhivaniya
	8 Freedom and the State
	9 Voluntary Association
	10 Alliance Politics
	11 Conclusion
Chapter 6 Tool and Sign in Vygotsky’s Development
	1 Ape, Primitive Man1 and Child
		1.1 History and Evolution
		1.2 Periodisation of the Intellect
		1.3 Periodisation of Tools
		1.4 Tools and the Mind: Technical Tools and Psychological Tools
		1.5 Vygotsky’s Periodisation of Word Use in “Primitive Man”
		1.6 Lines of Development Differentiate and Interact
		1.7 Instrumental Psychology: History or Method?
	2 Tool and Sign in Vygotsky after 1930
		2.1 The Instrumental Method in Psychology
		2.2 History of Development of Higher Mental Functions
		2.3 Thinking and Speech
	3 Marx, Engels, Vygotsky and the Marxist Tradition
		3.1 Marx and Engels on ‘Just So Stories’
		3.2 Labour and Language
		3.3 A.N. Leontyev on Labour and Tools
		3.4 Tools and Operations in Activity Theory
		3.5 Postscript: Engels and Vygotsky
	4 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Vygotsky’s Theory of Child Development
	1 The Concepts of Vygotsky’s Periodisation
	2 Social Situation of Development
	3 Central Neoformation
	4 Lines of Development
	5 Age Levels
	6 Self-Relation and the Crisis Periods
	7 ‘Leading Activity’ and Zone of Proximal Development
Chapter 8 The Concept of Object
	1 The Various Concepts of Object
	2 Hegel’s Objekt and Gegenstand
	3 Objective and Universal
	4 Marx’s Critique of Hegel and Feuerbach
	5 Arbeitsgegenstand – The Object to Be Worked Upon
		5.1 The Imagined and Desired State of the World
		5.2 The Problem of ‘Objective Motives’
		5.3 The Object Is Consumed and Reproduced
	6 Object-Concept
	7 Boundary Objects
	8 The Object of a Project
	9 Conclusion
Chapter 9 Leontyev’s Activity Theory and Social Theory
	1 Objects and Activities in Leontyev’s Activity Theory
		1.1 Problems in Leontyev’s Conception of ‘Activity’
		1.2 Motivation
		1.3 Objectivism
		1.4 The Object
		1.5 Personal Sense
		1.6 Ideology
		1.7 Particularity
			1.7.1 Dogmatism
			1.7.2 Functionalism
			1.7.3 ‘Productivism’
	2 Leontyev’s Theory of the Personality
	3 A ‘Project’ as an Activity
Chapter 10 Fedor Vasilyuk’s Psychology of Life-Projects
	1 Otnosheniye (отношение)
	2 The Lifeworld (жизненный мир)
	3 Perezhivanie (переживание)
	4 Types of perezhivanie
	5 Social Theory
Chapter 11 The Invention of Nicaraguan Sign Language
	1 Introduction
	2 Vygotsky on the Ideal Form
	3 Deaf Children in Nicaragua
	4 The Effect of the 1979 Revolution
	5 aprias (Association to Help and Integrate the Deaf)
	6 Was ansnic Acting Alone?
	7 Minimal Conditions for Acquisition of a Sign Language
		7.1 Minimal Conditions for the Formation of a New Sign Language
	8 In What Sense May the Case of nsl Be Generalised?
		8.1 Village Sign Languages
		8.2 Deaf Community Sign Languages
	9 The Development of Language Communities
	10 Goldin-Meadow on the Structure of Personal Sign
	11 Conclusion
Chapter 12 Language in Human Evolution
	1 The Co-evolution of Animal Behaviour and Biology
	2 Bipedalism
		2.1 Carrying Things
	3 Delayed Gratification
		3.1 Abstraction
		3.2 Gesturing
	4 Voluntary Control and Conscious Awareness
		4.1 Gesturing Again
	5 Speech
		5.1 Music and Dance
		5.2 How Did Our Primate Ancestors Think?
		5.3 Tool Making
		5.4 Collaborative Projects
		5.5 Writing
		5.6 Art
	6 Conclusions
Chapter 13 Power, Activity and Human Flourishing
	1 Collaborative Project as a Unit of Social Life
	2 The Abuse of Power
		2.1 Institutions
		2.2 Firms
	3 The Human Subject
	4 Political Economy
Chapter 14 Vaccine Hesitancy
	1 Risk Culture and Healthism
	2 Trust
	3 The ‘vh Compass’
		3.1 The 1976 Swine Flu Scare at Fort Dix
		3.2 Whooping Cough Vaccine Scare in the UK, 1977
		3.3 mmr Vaccine Scare in the UK, 1998
		3.4 Polio Vaccine Boycott in Nigeria, 2003
		3.5 h1n1Vaccine Dispute in Europe, 2009
		3.6 Persuasion and Decision-Making
		3.7 Collaborative Projects
		3.8 The Origins of Vaccine Scepticism
	4 Conclusion
	5 Postscript 2020
Chapter 15 Something Worth Dying For?
	1 Foreign fighters
		1.1 Islamism and the Duty of the Individual Muslim
		1.2 Who Is Fighting?
	2 Who Wants to Be a Foreign Fighter?
		2.1 Collaborative Projects
	3 Conclusion
Chapter 16 Capital and the Urpraxis of Socialism
	0 Preliminaries
	1 Goethe, Hegel, Marx, Vygotsky
	2 Projects and Solidarity
Chapter 17 Virtue and Utopia
	1 Internal Goods
	2 Problems with MacIntyre’s Virtue Ethics
	3 Consequentialism and Deontology
	4 Virtue Ethics
	5 Practical Anarchism and Virtue Ethics
	6 Goals and Motives
	7 Ethics and Utopia
	8 The Virtues of Practices
		8.1 Anarchism and Mediation
		8.2 Anarchist Anthropology
	9 Summary
	10 The Question of Delegation and Hierarchy
	11 Conclusion
Chapter 18 The Origins of Collective Decision Making (Synopsis)
	1 The Question
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Collective Decisions without Voting
	4 Counsel
	5 Where Did Majority Come From?
	6 Origins of Majority
	7 The Development of Majoritarianism
	8 Crisis of Majoritarianism
	9 The Quakers and Consensus
	10 Myles Horton and Consensus in sncc
	11 James Lawson and Consensus in sncc
	12 Women Strike for Peace
	13 1968 and After
	14 Conclusion
	15 Postscript
Chapter 19 False Heroes and Villains
	1 Villains and False Heroes
	2 John Howard
	3 The Right-Wing Populist Narrative
	4 An Alternative Left-Wing Narrative
Chapter 20 Amartya Sen on Critical Voice and Social Choice Theory
	1 The Critique of Distributive Justice
	2 Amartya Sen
	3 Human Needs and Social Justice
		3.1 Wealth
		3.2 Functioning
		3.3 Capability
		3.4 Voice
		3.5 Critical Voice
	4 Utilitarianism and Positivism
	5 Utilitarianism and the Real Ethic of Bourgeois Society
	6 Sen’s Critique of Social Choice Theory
	7 Conclusion
Chapter 21 Comments on ‘Social Capital’
Chapter 22 Nancy Fraser on Welfare Dependency
	1 Pre-Capitalist Society
	2 Wage Labour
	3 Domestic Labour
	4 Public Assistance
	5 Universal and Targeted Benefits
	6 Dependency as a Personality Trait
	7 Building Capacity vs. Philanthropy
	8 The Ideology of Self-Help
Chapter 23 Anthony Giddens on Structuration
	1 The Knowledgeability of Social Actors
	2 Routines
	3 Practical Consciousness
	4 Concepts and Motives
	5 Unintended Consequences and Conceptual Development
	6 Institutions and Social Movements
	7 Conclusion
Chapter 24 Bourdieu on Status, Class and Culture
	1 Capital
	2 Field and Habitus
	3 Class and Habitus
	4 Cultural Capital and Educational Capital
	5 Social Capital, Body Capital, Linguistic Capital, Political Capital
	6 Cultural Relativism
	7 Idealism
	8 Political Opinion Formation
	9 Systems of Status Subordination
	10 Social Capital Theory
	11 Axel Honneth’s Criticism of Bourdieu
	12 Subjectivity
	13 Conclusion
Chapter 25 The Coronavirus Pandemic Is a World Perezhivanie
Chapter 26 As of 2020, the American Century Is Over
References
Index