Heavy Metal Remediation: Sustainable Nexus Approach (Earth and Environmental Sciences Library)

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
The Source and Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Atmosphere Across Southeast Asia
	1 Introduction
	2 HMs in the Atmosphere and Its Deposition
	3 Studies on Atmospheric HMs in SEA
	4 Sources of Atmospheric HMs Across SEA Region
	5 Spatial Distribution of HMs in the Atmosphere Across SEA Region.
	6 Temporal Distribution of HMs in the Atmosphere Across SEA Region
	References
Heavy Metals in the Ecosystem; Sources and Their Effects
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Natural Sources of Heavy Metals
		1.2 Anthropogenic (Human Caused) Sources of Heavy Metals
		1.3 Impacts on Ecosystem
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Process of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Soil
		2.2 Process of Heavy Metal Contamination in the River Ecosystem
		2.3 Genotoxicity Due to Heavy Metals Exposure
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Analyzing and Monitoring the Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment
		3.2 Utilizing Remote Sensing to Assess the Levels of Heavy Metals in Various Soil Types
		3.3 Utilizing Remote Sensing to Assess the Levels of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Waterbodies
		3.4 Techniques for Remediating Soil to Remove Heavy Metals
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Management of New Methods Used in the Reclamation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals for Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Biochar
	1 Introduction
	2 What is Biochar?
	3 Preparation and Utilization of Biochar
	4 Biochar and Soil Health
	5 Beneficial Effect of Biochar on Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties
	6 Beneficial Effect of Biochar on Heavy Metal Toxicity
	7 Examples of Biochar Application to the Sustainable Management of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil and Water
	8 Beneficial Effect of Biochar on Economic and Environmental in Sustainable Agriculture
	9 Conclusion
	References
Management of Soil and Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals with Sustainable Green Technologies: The Case of Vermicomposting
	1 Introduction
	2 What is Compost and Vermicompost?
	3 Vermicomposting and Soil Health
	4 Preparation and Use of Vermicompost
	5 Vermicomposting and Its Properties
	6 Beneficial Effect of Vermicompost on the Physical, Biological and Chemical Properties of Soil
	7 Beneficial Effect of Vermicompost on Heavy Metal Toxicity
	8 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Vermicompost in Sustainable Agriculture
	9 Conclusions
	References
Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants for Heavy Metals: Supportive Method for Environmental Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Hyperaccumulators in Phytoremediation
		2.1 Extreme Metal Tolerance
	3 Mechanisms and Types of Phytoremediation
		3.1 Phytoextraction
		3.2 Phyto Stabilization
		3.3 Phytodegradation
		3.4 Phytovolatilization
		3.5 Rhizofiltration
		3.6 Rhizodegradation
	4 Bioenergy in the Phytoremediation Field
	5 Bioenergy Crops
	6 Benefits of Using Bioenergy Plants
	7 Conclusions
	References
Recent Advances Towards Improved Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution
	1 Introduction
	2 Biological Remediation of Heavy Metals
	3 Type of Mechanism Microbial Bioremediation of Metal
		3.1 Mechanisms of Resistance Against Heavy Metals
		3.2 Resistance to Heavy Metals by Microbial Quorum Sensing
		3.3 Microbial Metagenomics of Heavy Metal
		3.4 Effect of Heavy Metal on Microbial Community
		3.5 Biosorption of Heavy Metals Under Multimetal Stress
	4 Recent Advances in Sustainable Microbial Removal of Heavy Metals
		4.1 Enzyme Application
		4.2 Biosurfactants
		4.3 Biomineralization
	5 Biotechnological Intervention in Microbial Bioremediation)
		5.1 Microbial Consortia in Metal Bioremediation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Biotechnological Strategies for Effective Remediation of Heavy Metals
	1 Introduction
	2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects
	3 Traditional Methods of Heavy Metal Removal
		3.1 Soil Washing
		3.2 Soil Flushing
		3.3 Vitrification
		3.4 Encapsulation
		3.5 Chemical Precipitation
		3.6 Ion Exchange
		3.7 Adsorption
	4 Biotechnological Strategies of Heavy Metals Removal
		4.1 Phytoremediation and Its Mechanisms
		4.2 Phytoremediation: Upskilled Mechanisms for Efficient Remediation
		4.3 Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals and Its Mechanisms
	5 Conclusion
	References
Role of Biosurfactants in Remediation of Heavy Metals
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Biosurfactants
	3 Classification
	4 Methods of Screening for Biosurfactants
	5 Factors Affecting Production of Biosurfactants
	6 Biosurfactants-Mediated Removal of Heavy Metals
	7 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Removal by Biosurfactants
	8 Conclusion
	References
Role of Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal
	1 Introduction
	2 Remediation Strategies
	3 Phytoremediation in Assistance with Rhizobacteria in Porous Medium
	4 Phytoremediation in Assistance with Rhizobacteria in Aquatic Medium
	5 Interaction in Rhizosphere
		5.1 Plants and Bacteria
		5.2 Bacteria in Interaction with Heavy Metals
		5.3 Plant-Soil-Bacteria Interaction
		5.4 PGPR Interaction for Removal of Heavy Metals
	6 Mechanisms of Rhizobacteria Influencing Heavy Metal Accumulation
		6.1 Rhizobacterial Secretions
		6.2 Plant Pathogen Inhibition
		6.3 Transformation of Heavy Metals
		6.4 Stimulating Transporting Protein
		6.5 Heavy Metal Speciation Versus Bioavailability in Soils
	7 Rhizobacterial Impact on Phytoremediation
		7.1 Crop-Plant Growth
		7.2 Rhizosphere-Microorganisms
		7.3 Heavy Metal Toxicant Bioavailability
		7.4 Soil Properties
		7.5 Mechanisms to Overcome Heavy Metal Stress in PGPR
	8 The Role of Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation
		8.1 PGPR as a Bio-Remediating Agent
		8.2 Uptake and Transformation
		8.3 The Utilization of Genetic Engineering Techniques
	9 Discussion
	10 Conclusion
	References
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals—Its Pros and Cons
	1 Introduction
	2 Occurrence, Toxicity, and Effect of Pb(II), Cr(VI), Ni(II) Contamination
	3 Conventional Methods for the Removal of Heavy Metals
	4 Biological Methods for the Removal of Heavy Metals
	5 Mechanism of Microorganisms in Removing Heavy Metals
	6 Bioremediation of Nickel(II) from the Wastewater
		6.1 Bioremediation of Ni (II) Using Bacterial Cells
		6.2 Bioremediation of Ni (II) Using Algal Cells
		6.3 Bioremediation of Ni (II) Using Fungal Cells
	7 Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium
		7.1 Bioremediation of Cr(VI) Using Bacterial Cells
		7.2 Bioremediation of Cr(VI) Using Algal Cells
		7.3 Bioremediation of Cr(VI) Using Fungal Cells
	8 Bioremediation of Lead(II)
		8.1 Bioremediation of Pb(II) Using Bacterial Cells
		8.2 Bioremediation of Pb(II) Using Algal Cells
		8.3 Bioremediation of Pb(II) Using Fungal Cells
	9 Conclusion
	References
Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents Derived from Agro-based Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment
	3 Technologies for Heavy Metals Removal
		3.1 Electro-Dialysis Method
		3.2 Ion Exchange
		3.3 Chemical Precipitation
		3.4 Reverse Osmosis
		3.5 Membrane Separation Techniques
		3.6 Coagulation and Flocculation Technologies
		3.7 Electrochemical Method
		3.8 Adsorption Technique
	4 Independent Adsorption Influencing Parameters
		4.1 Contact/Shaking Time
		4.2 Agitation/Shaking Speed
		4.3 pH of the Solution
		4.4 Adsorbent Particle Size
		4.5 Adsorbent Dosage
		4.6 Heavy Metal Ion Concentration
		4.7 Temperature
		4.8 Interfering Ions
	5 Agro-based Materials as Low-Cost Adsorbents in Heavy Metals Removal
	6 Biosorption Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
An Introduction to Heavy Metals and Oxidative Stress in Ageing and Cancer: A Role for Detoxification Through Diet
	1 Introduction
	2 Chronological Versus Biological Age
	3 Oxidative Stress in Ageing and Cancer
	4 Superfoods and Superherbs
	5 Some Examples of Superfoods
	6 Some Examples of Superherbs
	7 Some Examples of Supergreens
	8 Conclusion
	References
Propolis as a Bioindicator of Contamination with Toxic Metals
	1 Introduction
	2 Bioindicators of Toxic Metals
	3 Contamination with Metals and Metalloids
		3.1 Geographic Origin
		3.2 Anthropogenic Activities that Cause Metal Contamination in Propolis
		3.3 Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids
	4 Propolis as a Bioindicator of Toxic Metals
		4.1 Organic Components of Propolis
		4.2 Adsorption and Absorption of Metals in Propolis
		4.3 Bioaccumulation of Metals in Propolis
		4.4 Limitations of Propolis as a Bioindicator of Heavy Metals
	5 Assessment of Health Risks from Exposure to Metals in Propolis
		5.1 Exposure Identification
		5.2 Determination of Metal Concentration
		5.3 Exposure Assessment
		5.4 Risk Assessment
		5.5 Risk Management
	6 Principal Component Analysis to Correlate Levels of Toxic Metal Contamination
	References
Ecotechnology Approach for Remediation of Heavy Metals
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Ecotechnologies
	3 Importance of Ecotechnologies
	4 Application in Ecotechnologies
	5 Merits and demerits of Ecotechnologies
	6 Types of Ecotechnologies (Physical, Chemical, Biological)
		6.1 Physical Remediation Techniques
		6.2 Chemical Remediation Techniques
		6.3 Biological Remediation Techniques
	7 Conclusions
	References