Heavy metal and metalloid contamination of surface and underground water : environmental, policy, and ethical issues

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Section I Environmental Issues
	Chapter 1 Heavy Metals: Definition and Properties
		Metals, Metalloids, and Non-Metals
		“Heavy Metal”—a Debated Term
			Heavy Metals or “Class B” Metals?
			Heavy Metals—Geochemical Bogey Men?
			Heavy Metals—Appropriate for Music, Not for Science
			Heavy Metals and Biological Systems
			An Unending Debate
			Heavy Metal—A Popular Term
			A Conciliatory and Consistent Definition of Heavy Metals
			Heavy Metals and Metalloids in This Book
		Properties and Major Uses of Heavy Metals
			Bismuth
			Cadmium
			Chromium
			Copper
			Iron
			Lead
			Manganese
			Mercury
			Molybdenum
			Nickel
			Silver
			Tin
			Vanadium
			Zinc
		Elements Classified as Metalloids
		Properties and Major Uses of Metalloids
			Antimony
			Arsenic
			Boron
			Germanium
			Silicon
			Tellurium
		Occurrence and Distribution of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in the Earth’s Crust
		Essential and Non-Essential Heavy Metals and Metalloids
	Chapter 2 Geogenic Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Surface and Underground Water
		Geogenic Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Surface Water
			General Considerations
			Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Weathering of Black Shale and Acid Sulfate Soils
			Geogenic Heavy Metals/Metalloids in Surface Waters in Other Areas
			Role of Sediments in Heavy Metal and Metalloid Storage and Mobilization
			Geogenic Inputs of Heavy Metals and Metalloids into Sediments
			Geogenic Arsenic in Surface Waters
		Geogenic Occurrence of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Groundwater
			Geogenic Arsenic in Groundwater
			Arsenic in Groundwater and Its Mobilization
			Mechanism of Arsenic Mobilization
			Contamination of “Deep” Aquifers
			Geogenic Arsenic in Other Parts of the World
			Geogenic Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Groundwater
	Chapter 3 Anthropogenic Contributions of Heavy Metals and Metalloids to Surface and Underground Water
		Anthropogenic Contributions of Heavy Metals and Metalloids to Surface Water
			The Growing Threat of Anthropogenic Inputs of Heavy Metals and Metalloids
			Contamination of Surface Water from Black Shale and Acid Rock Drainage
			Heavy Metal Contamination of Snow
			Contamination of Surface Water from Active and Abandoned Mines
			Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Other Sources
			Sediment as a Repository of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Ecosystems: Retention and Release
			Anthropogenic Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Sediments
			Anthropogenic Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Groundwater
				Black Shales
				Mining
				Other Sources
	Chapter 4 Public Health Issues Emanating from Heavy Metal Contamination of Freshwater Ecosystems and Groundwater
		Effects of Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Water on Public Health
			General Considerations
			Arsenic
			Cadmium
			Chromium
			Copper
			Lead
			Mercury
			Nickel
			Zinc
		Human Health Risks from Water Contaminated by Multiple Heavy Metals and Metalloids
			Human Health Risks in Black Shale and Acid Sulfate Soil Areas
			Human Health Risks in Mining Areas
			Human Health Risks in Industrial Areas
	Chapter 5 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Freshwater Communities
		Microbial Communities
		Phytoplankton, Periphyton, and Zooplankton Communities
		Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities
			Benthic Invertebrates as Biomonitors of Heavy Metal Pollution
			Toxicity Tests Vis-à-Vis Field Data
			Effects on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Mining and Naturally Metal-Rich Areas
		Fish Communities
		Effects of Active and Abandoned Mines on Freshwater Communities
		Heavy Metal Industries
	Chapter 6 Responses of Freshwater Biota to Heavy Metal and Metalloid Exposure
		Acute Toxicity
			Cadmium
			Chromium
			Copper
			Iron, Lead, and Manganese
			Mercury
			Nickel
			Silver, Uranium, and Zinc
			Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity
		Chronic (Sublethal) Toxicity
		Sublethal Effects
			Effects of Heavy Metals on Plankton and Periphyton
			Entry of Heavy Metals into Algal Cells
			Effects of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Plants
			Effects on Freshwater Invertebrates
			Antioxidant Responses in Fish to Heavy Metal Exposure
			Histopathological Effects in Fish
			Genotoxic Effects
			Effects of Heavy Metal Load in Sediments
			Effects of Metal-Contaminated Sediment Ingestion in Aquatic Birds
	Chapter 7 Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Freshwater Biota
		Heavy Metal Accumulation by Different Groups of Freshwater Biota
			Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants
			Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Aquatic Macrophytes
			Arsenic Accumulation by Aquatic Macrophytes
			Invasive Species and Heavy Metal/Metalloid Accumulation
			Heavy Metal/Metalloid Accumulation by Algae and Microorganisms
			Heavy Metal and Metalloid Accumulation in Different Levels of Consumers
			Freshwater Invertebrates
			Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Freshwater Food Chains
	Chapter 8 Remediation of Heavy Metals by Biota
		Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal- and Metalloid-Contaminated Water
			Removal of Arsenic and Other Metalloids by Phytoremediation
			Removal of Heavy Metals by Phytoremediation
			Heavy Metal Removal by Algae
			Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Uptake
			Wetlands in Heavy Metal Remediation
			Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Constructed Wetlands
			Role of Plants in Constructed Wetlands
			Microbial Bioremediation
	Chapter 9 Effects of Climate Change on Heavy Metals and Their Toxicity on Freshwater Organisms
		Effects of Climate Change on Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Freshwater
			Qualitative Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Resources
			Heavy Metal Release in High-Altitude Areas
			Heavy Metal Release in Peatland Wetlands
Section II Policy Issues
	Chapter 10 Water Policy and Legal Framework Vis-à-Vis Heavy Metal Contamination
		Historical Perspective
		Europe and UK
		USA
		Canada
		Australia
	Chapter 11 Policy and Legal Framework for Water Pollution with Special Reference to Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Different Parts of the World
		Laws on Water Pollution in the USA
		Lead in Drinking Water
		Europe
		Canada
		Australia
		Brazil
		South Africa
		Eritrea
		China
		India
	Chapter 12 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Its Implications in Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Water
		Introduction to IWRM
		Application and Relevance of IWRM in the Context of Heavy Metal Contamination
Section III Ethical Issues
	Chapter 13 Ethical Approaches towards Environmental Issues
		Ethics: A Brief Historical Perspective
		Environmental Ethics
			Principles
	Chapter 14 Water Ethics in Indigenous Societies
		Indigenous vs Western Perceptions of Water
			Indigenous Water Ethics in Australia
			Indigenous Water Ethics in Canada
			Indigenous Water Ethics in Other Parts of the World
	Chapter 15 Ethical Issues in Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater
		The Outlines of an Ethical Framework for Heavy Metal and Metalloid Pollution of Water
			Ethical Measures in Industry
			Other Measures
			The Nature of Water Ethics
References
Index