Heat Treatment Of Steels

Title
Contents
1. Introduction to Steel and Scope for its Heat Treatment
	1.1 Steel and the Role of Heat Treatment
		1.2 Structure of Steel: Crystal Structures, Phases and Microstructures
			1.2.1 Crystal Structures and Phases in Steel
				1.2.2 Iron-carbon Phase Diagram
					1.2.3 Microstructures in Steel
					1.3 Steel Types and Grades of Steels
						1.3.1 Steel Types
							1.3.2 Classification of Steels and their Grades
								1.3.3 Importance of Composition of Steel for Heat Treatment
					1.4 Characteristics and Properties of Steels
						1.4.1 Characteristics of Steel
							1.4.2 Properties of Steels
								1.4.3 Influence of Grain Size and Inclusions on the Properties of Steels
									Influence of Grain Size
										Influence of Inclusions
					1.5 Structure-Property Relationship in Steels: Importance of Heat Treatment
						Summary
							References / Suggested Reading
							Review Questions
2. Phase Transformations in Steel: The Basics of Heat Treatment Principles
	2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Phase Transformation and Structure Formation in Steels
			2.2.1 Role of Nucleation and Growth (N&G) Process in the Structure Formations of Steel
		2.3 Austenite Decomposition: Formation of Ferrite and Pearlite Structure in Steel
			2.3.1 Cooling Rate Sensitivity of Austenite Decomposition
				2.3.2 Decomposition of Austenite under Equilibrium Cooling: Formation of Ferrite and Pearlite in Steels
		2.4 Austenite Decomposition: Formation of Bainite and Martensite Structure in Steel
		2.5 Morphological Character of Microstructures in Steels
		2.6 Martensitic Structure: its Uses and Utility
			Summary
				References / Suggested Reading
				Review Questions
3. Introduction to Heat Treatment of Steels: Purpose and Processes
	3.1 Introduction to Heat Treatment
		3.2 Purpose and Scope of Heat Treatment of Steels
		3.3 Some Basics of Heat Treatment Practices
		3.4 Introduction to Thermal Heat Treatment Processes
			3.4.1 Annealing
				3.4.2 Normalising
					3.4.3 Hardening
					3.4.4 Tempering and Stress Relieving
					3.4.5 Induction / Flame Hardening
		3.5 Introduction to Thermo-Chemical Processes of Heat Treatment
			3.5.1 Carburising
				3.5.2 Nitriding
					3.5.3 Carbo-nitriding and Nitro-carburising
				3.6 Thermo-Mechanical Processes of Heat Treatment
					Summary
						References / Suggested Reading
						Review Questions
4. Heat Treatability of Steels
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Introduction to Hardenability and its Implications
			4.1.2 Mass Effect and other Factors Influencing the Hardenability
			4.2 Hardenability of Steels
				4.2.1 Determination of Jominy Hardenability in Steels
					4.2.2 Alternative Method of Estimating Hardenability of Steel: Grossman Formula
			4.3 Grain Boundary Characters and its Effects on Hardening of Steels
			4.4 Effects of Inclusions and Segregation on Heat Treatability of Steels
			4.5 Role of Quench Severity and other Factors Influencing the Hardening of Steels
				4.5.1 Other Factors in the Hardening of Steels
					Summary
					References / Suggested Reading
					Review Questions
5. Heat Treatment Furnaces and Furnace Atmosphere Control
	5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Heat Transfer and Heat Balance in Heat Treatment Furnaces
			5.2.1 Heat Transfer Processes in Furnace
				5.2.2 Heat Balance in a Furnace
			5.3 Introduction to Furnace Types and their Features
			5.4 Choice of Furnace and Relative Energy Efficiency
			5.5 Heat Treatment Furnaces and Applications
				5.5.1 Seal Quench Furnace
					5.5.2 Vacuum Furnace
						5.5.3 Pit Type Furnace
				5.5.4 Salt Bath Furnace
				5.5.5 Fluidised Bed Heat Treatment Furnace
	5.6 Atmosphere Control in Heat Treatment
		Summary
			References / Suggested Reading
			Review Questions
6. Quenching Technology and Characteristics of Different Quenchants
	6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Fundamentals of Quenching
			6.2.1 Mechanisms of Heat Removal
		6.3 Types of Quenchant and their Characteristics
			6.3.1 Types of Quenchants
				6.3.2 Characteristics of Quenchants
					6.3.3 Choice of Quenchants
		6.4 Oil-Quenching vis-à-vis Water and Polymer Quenching
		6.5 Different Oil Grades for Quenching and their Selection
			6.5.1 Classification of Quenching Oils
				6.5.2 Working Characteristics of Quenching Oils
		6.6 Polymer Quenching: Characteristics and Application Technique
			6.6.1 Characteristics of Polymers
				6.6.2 Application of Polymer Quenching
		6.7 Cases of Quenching Defects
			Summary
				References / Suggested Reading
				Review Questions
7. Thermal Heat Treatment Processes
	7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Annealing and Normalising
			7.2.1 Annealing
				Full Annealing
					Sub-Critical Annealing
						Spheriodising Annealing
					7.2.2 Normalising
				7.3 Hardening of Steels
					7.3.1 Through (Bulk) Hardening of Steel
						Process Features and Steps in Hardening Operations
							Furnace Characteristics and Controls for Hardening
				7.4 Flame / Induction Hardening
					7.4.1 Flame Hardening
						7.4.2 Induction Hardening
				7.5 Tempering and Stress Relieving of Steels: Purpose and Practice
					7.5.1 Temper Embrittlement
				7.6 Martempering and Austempering of Steels
					Summary
						References / Suggested Reading
						Review Questions
8. Thermo-Chemical Processes of Heat Treatment [Carburising, Nitriding, Carbo-nitriding and Nitro-carburising]
	8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Processes and Practice of Carburising and Case-Hardening
			8.2.1 Mechanisms of Carburising
				8.2.2 Methods of Carburising
			8.3 Continuous Carburising Process
			8.4 Vacuum Carburising and its Control
			8.5 Nitriding
				8.5.1 Nitriding Process and Principles
					8.5.2 Operating Procedures for Nitriding
						8.5.3 Vacuum Nitriding
			8.6 Carbo-nitriding and Nitro-carburising
				8.6.1 Carbo-nitriding
					8.6.2 Nitro-carburising
					Summary
					References / Suggested Reading
					Review Questions
9. Heat Treatment of High-alloy Steels [Stainless, PH-Stainless, Heat / Creep Resistant, Tool and DIE Steels]
	9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels
			9.2.1 Heat Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steels
				9.2.2 Heat Treatment of Ferritic Stainless Steel
				9.2.3 Heat Treatment of Martensitic Stainless Steel
	9.3 Heat Treatment of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels
	9.4 Heat Treatment of Heat Resisting / Creep Resisting Steels
		9.4.1 Heat Treatment of Heat Resisting Steel
			9.4.2 Heat Treatment of Creep Resisting Steel
	9.5 Heat Treatment of Tool and DIE Steels
	9.6 Heat Treatment of High Speed Steels (HSS)
		Summary
			References / Suggested Reading
			Review Questions
			Annexure
10. Surface Engineering of Steels
	10.1 Introduction to Surface Engineering
		10.2 Scope of Surface Engineering Processes
		10.3 Plasma Carburising and Nitriding
			10.3.1 Plasma Carburising
				10.3.2 Plasma-Nitriding
		10.4 Surface Hardening by Laser and Electron Beam
			10.4.1 Laser Surface Hardening
				10.4.2 Electron Beam Hardening
					10.4.3 Ion Implantation
		10.5 Vapour Phase Processing: CVD and PVD
			10.5.1 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
				10.5.2 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)
					Summary
					References / Suggested Reading
					Review Questions
11. Industrial Heat Treatment Practices: Illustrative Cases
	11.1 Issues of Industrial Heat Treatment
		11.1.1 Residual Stress in Hardening of Steels
		11.2 Metallurgical Highlights: Few Important Learning Points
			11.3 An Overview of ‘Heat Treatment at-Work’ in the Shop Floor
				11.4 An Overview of Steel Types and their Heat Treatment
				11.5 Cases of Application Specific Heat Treatment of Steels
					11.5.1 Heat Treatment of Front Axle Beamfor Commercial Vehicles
						11.5.2 Heat Treatment of Crown Wheel / Pinion for Commercial Vehicle Power Transmission
							11.5.3 Heat Treatment of Ball Bearing Races
							11.5.4 Heat Treatment of High Speed Steel Tools
							Summary
							References / Suggested Reading
							Review Questions
							Annexure: Common Heat Treatment Defects: Causes and Remedies
Appendices
Glossary
Bibliography
Index