Heat Transfer: Evolution, Design and Performance

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xi

About the Author xv

Acknowledgments xvi

List of Symbols xvii

About the Companion Website xxvi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Fundamental Concepts 1

1.2 The Objective of Heat Transfer 5

1.3 Conduction 6

1.4 Convection 18

1.5 Radiation 23

1.6 Evolutionary Design 24

2 Unidirectional Steady Conduction 37

2.1 Thin Walls 37

2.2 Cylindrical Shells 42

2.3 Spherical Shells 44

2.4 Critical Insulation Radius 45

2.5 Variable Thermal Conductivity 48

2.6 Internal Heat Generation 49

2.7 Evolutionary Design: Extended Surfaces (Fins) 51

3 Multidirectional Steady Conduction 85

3.1 Analytical Solutions 85

3.2 Integral Method 101

3.3 Scale Analysis 103

3.4 Evolutionary Design 104

4 Time-Dependent Conduction 121

4.1 Immersion Cooling or Heating 121

4.2 Lumped Capacitance Model (The \"Late\" Regime) 124

4.3 Semi-infinite Solid Model (The \"Early\" Regime) 125

4.4 Unidirectional Conduction 133

4.5 Multidirectional Conduction 148

4.6 Concentrated Sources and Sinks 152

4.7 Melting and Solidification 158

4.8 Evolutionary Design 162

5 External Forced Convection 177

5.1 Classification of Convection Configurations 177

5.2 Basic Principles of Convection 179

5.3 Laminar Boundary Layer 189

5.4 Turbulent Boundary Layer 202

5.5 Other External Flows 215

5.6 Evolutionary Design 223

6 Internal Forced Convection 245

6.1 Laminar Flow Through a Duct 245

6.2 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow 252

6.3 Turbulent Flow 261

6.4 Total Heat Transfer Rate 269

6.5 Evolutionary Design 271

7 Natural Convection 291

7.1 What Drives Natural Convection? 291

7.2 Boundary Layer Flow on Vertical Wall 292

7.3 Other External Flows 305

7.4 Internal Flows 314

7.5 Evolutionary Design 327

8 Convection with Change of Phase 343

8.1 Condensation 343

8.2 Boiling 361

8.3 Evolutionary Design 373

9 Heat Exchangers 387

9.1 Classification of Heat Exchangers 387

9.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 391

9.3 Log-Mean Temperature Difference Method 397

9.4 Effectiveness--NTU Method 408

9.5 Pressure Drop 417

9.6 Evolutionary Design 428

10 Radiation 447

10.1 Introduction 447

10.2 Blackbody Radiation 448

10.3 Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces 460

10.4 Diffuse-Gray Surfaces 471

10.5 Participating Media 493

10.6 Evolutionary Design 502

Appendix A Constants and Conversion Factors 521

Appendix B Properties of Solids 527

Appendix C Properties of Liquids 541

Appendix D Properties of Gases 551

Appendix E Mathematical Formulas 557

Appendix F Turbulence Transition 565

Appendix G Extremum Subject to Constraint 571

Author Index 573

Subject Index 579