Heat Capacities: Liquids, Solutions and Vapours

Cover......Page 1
Heat Capacities Liquids, Solutions and Vapours......Page 4
ISBN: 978-0-85404-176-3......Page 5
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications......Page 19
1.3 Concluding Remarks......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 43
2.2 Methods......Page 44
2.3 Comparison of Methods......Page 49
2.4 Test Compounds......Page 53
3.1 Introduction......Page 56
3.2 Flow Calorimetry for Cp Measurement......Page 57
3.3 Mathematical Formulation for a Model Flow Calorimeter......Page 58
3.4 Solutions to the Governing Equation......Page 59
3.6 Experimental Measurements......Page 60
3.7 Discussion of Results......Page 64
3.8 Conclusion......Page 65
4.1 Introduction......Page 69
4.2 Experiment......Page 73
4.3 Selected Results and Discussion......Page 76
4.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 89
5.1 Introduction......Page 101
5.2 Fundamentals......Page 102
5.3 Experimental Arrangements......Page 104
5.4 Heat Capacities of Aqueous Non-electrolytes......Page 105
5.5 Heat Capacities of Non-electrolyte Mixtures......Page 115
5.6 Modeling of Heat Capacities of Mixtures......Page 121
6.1 Pioneering Measurements of the Heat Capacity of Gases......Page 127
6.2 The Heat Capacity of Gases and Related Quantities......Page 128
6.3 The Temperature Dependence of the Ideal Gas Heat Capacity......Page 131
6.4 The Pressure Dependence of the Heat Capacity of Gases......Page 136
6.5 The Enthalpy of Mixing of Gases at High Pressures......Page 141
6.6 Heat Capacities of Gases at High Pressures......Page 142
7.1 Introduction......Page 147
7.2 Experimental Approaches......Page 148
7.3 Some Theoretical Considerations......Page 155
7.4 Studies of Apparent Molar Heat Capacities and Standard Partial Molar Heat Capacities of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions......Page 163
7.5 Calorimetry and Pressure Effects......Page 164
8.1 Introduction......Page 168
8.2 Scanning Transitiometry......Page 169
8.3 Heat Capacities of Liquids under High Pressures......Page 175
8.4 Conclusions......Page 195
9.1 Introduction......Page 200
9.2 Heat Capacity......Page 201
9.3 Measurement of the Speed of Sound......Page 206
9.4 Fixed Cavity Resonators......Page 211
9.5 Summary......Page 224
10.1 Introduction......Page 233
10.2 Apparatus for the Speed-of-Sound Measurement in the Liquid Phase at High Pressure......Page 235
10.3 Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Speed of Ultrasound in Liquids......Page 239
10.4 Speed of Sound and Thermodynamic Properties......Page 243
11.1 Introduction......Page 253
11.2 Experiment......Page 257
11.3 Theory......Page 259
11.4 Selected Results and Discussion......Page 263
11.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 273
12.1 Introduction......Page 279
12.2 Photoacoustic Technique......Page 280
12.3 Photopyroelectric Technique......Page 285
13.1 Introduction......Page 302
13.2 Modes of Operation of an ASC......Page 304
13.3 Design and Operational Implementation......Page 307
13.4 Phase Transition Studies in Binary and Ternary Liquid Mixtures......Page 311
13.5 Phase Transition Studies in Liquid Crystals......Page 314
14.1 Introduction......Page 322
14.2 Isochoric Heat Capacity Near the Gas-Liquid Critical Point......Page 325
14.3 The Nature of the Heat Capacity Anomaly in the Critical Region......Page 327
14.4 Isobaric Heat Capacity Near the Gas–Liquid Critical Point......Page 329
14.5 Isobaric and Isochoric Heat Capacities of Binary Fluids Near the Liquid-Liquid Critical Point......Page 330
14.6 Effects of Impurities and Confinement on the Heat Capacity Anomalies in the Critical Region......Page 336
15.1 Introduction......Page 344
15.2 Instrumentation and Measurements......Page 346
15.3 Experimental Heat Capacity......Page 350
15.4 Interpretation of the Heat Capacity......Page 352
15.5 Quantitative Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Systems Based on the Heat Capacity......Page 360
15.6 Conclusions......Page 367
16.1 Introduction......Page 370
16.3 Experimental Determination of Partial Heat Capacity......Page 371
16.4 Heat Capacity of Anhydrous Proteins......Page 373
16.5 Heat Capacity of Hydrated Proteins......Page 375
16.6 Advancements......Page 377
17.1 Brief Introduction to Liquid Crystals......Page 382
17.2 The Nematic–Isotropic Phase Transition......Page 385
17.3 The Smectic A–Nematic Phase Transition......Page 388
17.4 The Smectic A–Smectic C Phase Transition......Page 391
17.5 The Smectic A–Hexatic B Phase Transition......Page 393
17.6 Phase Transitions in Restricted Volumes......Page 396
18.1 Introduction......Page 405
18.2 Practical Calculations of Heat Capacity for Gases and Liquids by Statistical Thermodynamic Methods......Page 412
18.3 Heat Capacity Changes at Transitions for Pure Organic Liquids......Page 418
18.4 Heat Capacity of Plastic Crystals as an Intermediate Phase at the Crystal–Liquid Transition......Page 421
18.5 Ionic Liquids......Page 430
20.1 Introduction......Page 436
20.2 Methods......Page 439
20.3 Discussion......Page 444
21.1 Introduction......Page 457
21.2 Experiment......Page 458
21.3 Thermodynamics, Data Reduction, Data Correlation and Selected Results......Page 460
21.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 467
22.1 Introduction......Page 472
22.2 Methodology......Page 473
22.3 Theory and Computer Simulations......Page 483
22.4 Correlations......Page 486
Subject Index......Page 490