Healthy Lifestyle: From Pediatrics to Geriatrics

Contents
1 Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors During Pregnancy and Offspring Health Risks at Birth and Early Childhood
	Introduction
		Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviors During Pregnancy
		Alcohol Use During Pregnancy
		Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy
		Unhealthy Diet During Pregnancy
		Sleep Disturbances During Pregnancy
		Psychosocial/Mental Stress During Pregnancy
		Perspective
	References
2 The Role of Healthy Lifestyle in the Primordial Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome Throughout Lifetime: What We Know and What We Need to Know
	Introduction
		Pathogenesis
		Major Risk Factors for Adverse Health Behaviors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
		Key Primordial Prevention Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome
		Nutrition/Diet
		Physical Activity
		Blood Pressure
		Body Mass Index
		Smoking
		Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
		Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
	Summary
	References
3 Lifestyle Genomic interactions in Health and Disease
	Introduction
		Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
		Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Human Diseases
		Diabetes Mellitus
		Cardiovascular Diseases
		Cancer
		Chrononutrition
		Signals and Sensors in Health and Disease
		Signaling of Fatty Acids
		Cholesterol-Signaling
		Sensors of Adipokines
		Nuclear Receptors
		Glucose Sensing
		Amino Acids Sensing
		Gene-Disease Associations
		APOA1/APOE3
		High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)
		Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO)
		The Cholesterol Ester Transfers Protein (CETP)
		Melanocortin-4 Receptor
		Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma 2
		Adrenoceptor Beta 3 (ADRB3)
		ABCA1 Gene
		Glucokinase (Hexokinase 4) Regulator
		CREBRF Gene Variants
		Exercise Genomics
		Lifestyle Interventions and the Gut Microbiome
		Genetics and Nutrition
		The Importance of Knowing About the Genetic Nature of Lifestyle
		Overview of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
		Epigenetics
		MicroRNAs and Diet
		The Impacts of Dietary Compounds on MicroRNAs
		Dietary MicroRNAs
		Dietary miRNAs’ Stability
	Concluding Remark
	References
4 Impact of Behavioral Adversities During Life on Individual’s Long-Term Health Status—A Three-Year Follow-up of 403 Middle-Aged PEP—Participants
	Introduction
	Subjects
	Methods
		Measurements
	Smoking
	Results
	Behavioral Adversities
	Smoking
	Relationship Between Nutrition and CVD RF
	Univariate Relationship Between Adverse Behavior and CVD Risk Factors
	Multivariate Relationship Between Adverse Behavior and CVD Risk Factors
	Results Over 3 Years
	Alcohol Consumption
	Diet
	Comparison of the Dietary Development Over 3 Years in 403 Parents
	Discussion
	Conclusions
	Strength and Limitations
	Compliance with Ethical Standards
	References
5 The Role of Dietary Habits on Development and Progress of Risk Factors of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases
	Introduction
		Childhood
		Adolescence
		Adulthood
		Elderly
	Conclusion
	References
6 Physical Activity and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases
	Introduction
	Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents in Poland—Observed Trends
	Interactive Tools Supporting the Assessment of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents—Own Experiences
		PF Calculators Based on Standard Field Tests
		A Calculator of Zuchora Index of Physical Efficiency (IPE)
	Summary
	References
7 Exercise, Health, Longevity and Social Media: A Discourse
	Introduction
	What is Exercise?
	Types of Exercises
	Types of Exercises Based on Energy Exerted
	Classification of Exercises Based on the Exercise Intensity
	Classification of Exercise Based on the Effect on the Body
	Exercise Physiology
	Effect of Exercise on the Body Systems
	Benefits of Exercise
	Physical Benefits of Exercise
	Psychological Impact of Exercise
	Exercise Recommendation by Age
	Exercise Prescription
	The Relationship Between Exercise and Longevity
	Demerits of Exercise
	Impact of Social Media on Exercise, Health and Longevity
	Conclusion
	References
8 Life-Course Effects of Sleep on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
	The Mechanisms of Sleep Regulation
	Normal Sleep Characteristics During Life Stages
	Importance and Benefits of Normal Sleep
	Acute and Chronic Effects of Sleep Disturbances on Health
	Conclusion
	References
9 Prevention and Control of Tobacco Use as a Major Risk Factor for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDS): A Lifecourse Approach
	Introduction
	Physiology of Nicotine Addiction
	Uptake and Use of Tobacco
	Health Impact of Tobacco Consumption
		Tobacco and Cardiovascular Diseases
		Tobacco and Respiratory Diseases
		Tobacco and Cancer
		Tobacco and Diabetes
		Tobacco and Oral Diseases
	Passive Use of Tobacco
	Benefits of Quitting
	Tobacco Cessation Methods
	Global Best Practices for Tobacco Control
	New Nicotine Products and Its Impact on Youth
	Conclusion
	References
10 Shisha Smoking—Behaviour with Health and Social Implications, Affecting All Ages
	Introduction
	Shisha: Description and How It Works
	Shisha Smoke: Biochemical Analysis and Safety Profile
	Shisha Smoking History and Epidemiology: An Overview
	Shisha Smoking in Extreme Ages
	Social Issues on Shisha
	Shisha and Its Legal Issues
	Chronic Shisha Smoking, Longevity, and Quality of Life
	Tackling the Burden of Shisha Use in the 21st Century: Recommended Strategies
	Conclusion
	References
11 Risk Factors and Lifestyle Habits Leading to Alcohol Consumption from Youth
	Background
	Problem Statement
	Risk Factors for Alcohol Use in Early Ages
	Other Factors Influencing Early Alcohol Consumption
		Environmental Factors
		Psychological Factors
		Other Factors
	The Risks for Consumers: How Alcohol Degrades Your Health?
	Risks for the Society: How Alcohol Degrades Your Social Life?
		Alcohol and Violence
		Drink Driving
		Alcohol and Unsafe Sex
		Alcohol Can Impair Brain Development
		Mixing Alcohol with Other Drugs
	Protective Factors for Alcohol Consumption
	Youth Alcohol Prevention Programs
	Preventing Young People from Risky Drinking
	Prevention of Alcohol Use and Misuse in Early Ages
		Individual Level
		Interpersonal/Family Level
		School/College/Institutional Level
		Community Level
		Societal Level
		Model for Prevention of Alcohol Consumption Among Adolescents and Youth
	Goals for Prevention of Underage Drinking
	Conclusion
	References
12 Lifestyle Factors, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Related to the Internet Addiction Among School Children
	Introduction
	Subjects and Methods
		Assessment
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
13 The New Life After Confinement: Why Should We Increasingly Maintain an Active and Healthy Lifestyle?
	Introduction
	Lifestyle in the “New Normal” Era: Implications for the Population’s Health
	Physical Activity and Attention to Food: Key Points for Maintaining Health
	Sleep and Sedentary Behaviors: How Does It Relate to Health?
	Final Considerations
	References
14 Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Part of Lifestyle Factors Related to Growth Disorders in Childhood and Chronic Diseases in Adulthood
	Introduction
	Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Body Size Measurements
	Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Obesity Related to Height Growth
	References
Index