Health Psychology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About The Author
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
	CHAPTER 1 What Is Health Psychology?
		Definition of Health Psychology
			Why Did Health Psychology Develop?
		The Mind–Body Relationship: A Brief History
		The Rise of the Biopsychosocial Model
			Psychosomatic Medicine
			Advantages of the Biopsychosocial Model
			Clinical Implications of the Biopsychosocial Model
			The Biopsychosocial Model: The Case History of Nightmare Deaths
		The Need for Health Psychology
			Changing Patterns of Illness
			Advances in Technology and Research
			Expanded Health Care Services
			Increased Medical Acceptance
		Health Psychology Research
			The Role of Theory in Research
			Experiments
			Correlational Studies
			Prospective and Retrospective Designs
			The Role of Epidemiology in Health Psychology
			Methodological Tools
			Qualitative Research
		What is Health Psychology Training for?
	CHAPTER 2 The Systems of the Body
		The Nervous System
			Overview
			The Brain
			BOX 2.1 Costs of War to the Brain
			The Role of Neurotransmitters
			Disorders of the Nervous System
		The Endocrine System
			Overview
			The Adrenal Glands
			Disorders Involving the Endocrine System
		The Cardiovascular System
			Overview
			The Heart
			Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
			Blood Pressure
			The Blood
		The Respiratory System
			Overview
			The Structure and Functions of the Respiratory System
			Disorders Associated with the Respiratory System
			Dealing with Respiratory Disorders
		The Digestive System and the Metabolism of Food
			Overview
			The Functioning of the Digestive System
			Disorders of the Digestive System
			The Gut–Brain Connection
		The Renal System
			Overview
			Disorders of the Renal System
		The Reproductive System
			Overview
			The Ovaries and Testes
			Fertilization and Gestation
			Disorders of the Reproductive System
		Genetics and Health
			Overview
			Genetics and Susceptibility to Disorders
		The Immune System
			Overview
			BOX 2.2 Portraits of Two Carriers
			Infection
			The Course of Infection
			Immunity
			Disorders Related to the Immune System
PART 2 HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND PRIMARY PREVENTION
	CHAPTER 3 Health Behaviors
		An Introduction to Health Behaviors
			Role of Behavioral Factors in Disease and Disorder
		Health Promotion: An Overview
			Health Behaviors and Health Habits
			Practicing and Changing Health Behaviors: An Overview
			Barriers to Modifying Poor Health Behaviors
			Intervening with Children and Adolescents
			Intervening with At-Risk People
			Health Promotion and Older Adults
			Ethnic and Gender Differences in Health Risks and Habits
		Changing Health Habits
			Attitude Change and Health Behavior
			The Health Belief Model
			The Theory of Planned Behavior
			Criticisms of Attitude Theories
			Self-Regulation and Health Behavior
			Self-Determination Theory
			Implementation Intentions
			Health Behavior Change and the Brain
		Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches to Health Behavior Change
			Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
			Self-Monitoring
			Stimulus Control
			The Self-Control of Behavior
			BOX 3.1 Classical Conditioning
			BOX 3.2 Operant Conditioning
			BOX 3.3 Modeling
			Social Skills and Relaxation Training
			Motivational Interviewing
			Relapse Prevention
			Evaluation of CBT
		The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
			Stages of Change
			Using the Stage Model of Change
		Changing Health Behaviors Through Social Engineering
		Venues for Health-Habit Modification
			The Practitioner’s Office
			The Family
			Self-Help Groups
			Schools
			Workplace Interventions
			Community-Based Interventions
			The Mass Media
			Cellular Phones and Landlines
			The Internet
	CHAPTER 4 Health-Promoting Behaviors
		Exercise
			Benefits of Exercise
			Determinants of Regular Exercise
			Exercise Interventions
		Accident Prevention
			Home and Workplace Accidents
			Motorcycle and Automobile Accidents
		Vaccinations and Screening
			Vaccinations
			Screenings
			Colorectal Cancer Screening
		Sun Safety Practices
		Developing a Healthy Diet
			Changing Diet
			Resistance to Modifying Diet
		Sleep
			What Is Sleep?
			Sleep and Health
		Rest, Renewal, Savoring
	CHAPTER 5 Health-Compromising Behaviors
		Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors
		Marijuana Use
		Obesity
			What Is Obesity?
			BOX 5.1 The Biological Regulation of Eating
			Obesity in Childhood
			SES, Culture, and Obesity
			Obesity and Dieting as Risk Factors for Obesity
			Stress and Eating
			Interventions
			BOX 5.2 Don’t Diet
			Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
			Evaluation of Cognitive–Behavioral Weight-Loss Techniques
			Taking a Public Health Approach
			BOX 5.3 The Barbie Beauty Battle
		Eating Disorders
			Anorexia Nervosa
			Bulimia
			Binge Eating Disorder
		Alcoholism and Problem Drinking
			The Scope of the Problem
			What Is Substance Dependence?
			Alcoholism and Problem Drinking
			Origins of Alcoholism and Problem Drinking
			Treatment of Alcohol Abuse
			Treatment Programs
			BOX 5.4 After the Fall of the Berlin Wall
			BOX 5.5 A Profile of Alcoholics Anonymous
			Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Programs
			BOX 5.6 The Drinking College Student
			Preventive Approaches to Alcohol Abuse
			Drinking and Driving
			Is Modest Alcohol Consumption a Health Behavior?
		Smoking
			Synergistic Effects of Smoking
			A Brief History of the Smoking Problem
			Why Do People Smoke?
			Nicotine Addiction and Smoking
			Interventions to Reduce Smoking
			Smoking Prevention Programs
			BOX 5.7 The Perils of Secondhand Smoke
PART 3 STRESS AND COPING
	CHAPTER 6 Stress
		What Is Stress?
			What Is a Stressor?
			Appraisal of Stressors
		Origins of the Study of Stress
			Fight or Flight
			Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
			Tend-and-Befriend
			How Does Stress Contribute to Illness?
		The Physiology of Stress
			Effects of Long-Term Stress
			Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity
			Physiological Recovery
			Allostatic Load
			BOX 6.1 Can Stress Affect Pregnancy?
		What Makes Events Stressful?
			Dimensions of Stressful Events
			Must Stress Be Perceived as Such to Be Stressful?
			Can People Adapt to Stress?
			Must a Stressor Be Ongoing to Be Stressful?
		How Has Stress Been Studied?
			Studying Stress in the Laboratory
			Inducing Disease
			Stressful Life Events
			BOX 6.2 Post traumatic Stress Disorder
			BOX 6.3 Can an Exciting Sports Event Kill You? Cardiovascular Events During World Cup Soccer
			Daily Stress
			BOX 6.4 A Measure of Perceived Stress
		Sources of Chronic Stress
			Effects of Early Stressful Life Experiences
			BOX 6.5 The Measurement of Daily Strain
			Chronic Stressful Conditions
			Stress in the Workplace
			BOX 6.6 Can Prejudice Harm Your Health?
			Some Solutions to Workplace Stressors
			Combining Work and Family Roles
	CHAPTER 7 Coping, Resilience, and Social Support
		Coping with Stress and Resilience
			Personality and Coping
			BOX 7.1 The Measurement of Optimism: The LOT-R
			Psychosocial Resources
			BOX 7.2 Religion, Spirituality, Coping, and Well-Being
			Resilience
			Coping Style and Coping Strategies
			BOX 7.3 The Brief COPE
			BOX 7.4 Coping with HIV
			Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping
		Coping and External Resources
		Coping Outcomes
		Coping Interventions
			Mindfulness Meditation and Acceptance/Commitment Therapy
			Expressive Writing
			Self-Affirmation
			Relaxation Training
			Coping Skills Training
		Social Support
			What Is Social Support?
			Effects of Social Support on Illness
			BOX 7.5 Is Social Companionship an Important Part of Your Life?
			Biopsychosocial Pathways
			Moderation of Stress by Social Support
			What Kinds of Support Are Most Effective?
			BOX 7.6 Can Bad Relationships Affect Your Health?
			Enhancing Social Support
PART 4 SEEKING AND USING HEALTH CARE SERVICES
	CHAPTER 8 Using Health Services
		Recognition and Interpretation of Symptoms
			Recognition of Symptoms
			Interpretation of Symptoms
			Cognitive Representations of Illness
			BOX 8.1 Can Expectations Influence Sensations? The Case of Premenstrual Symptoms
			Lay Referral Network
			The Internet
		Who Uses Health Services?
			Age
			Gender
			Social Class and Culture
			Social Psychological Factors
		Misusing Health Services
			Using Health Services for Emotional Disturbances
			BOX 8.2 The June Bug Disease: A Case of Hysterical Contagion
			Delay Behavior
	CHAPTER 9 Patients, Providers, and Treatments
		Health Care Services
			Patient Consumerism
			Structure of the Health Care Delivery System
			Patient Experiences with Managed Care
		The Nature of Patient–Provider Communication
			Setting
			Provider Behaviors That Contribute to Faulty Communication
			BOX 9.1 What Did You Say?: Language Barriers to Effective Communication
			Patients’ Contributions to Faulty Communication
			Interactive Aspects of the Communication Problem
			Use of Artificial Intelligence
		Results of Poor Patient–Provider Communication
			Nonadherence to Treatment Regimens
			BOX 9.2 What Are Some Ways to Improve Adherence to Treatment?
		Improving Patient–Provider Communication and Increasing Adherence to Treatment
			Teaching Providers How to Communicate
			BOX 9.3 What Can Providers Do to Improve Adherence?
		The Patient in the Hospital Setting
			Structure of the Hospital
			The Impact of Hospitalization on the Patient
			BOX 9.4 Burnout Among Health Care Professionals
		Interventions to Increase Information in Hospital Settings
		The Hospitalized Child
			BOX 9.5 Social Support and Distress from Surgery
			Preparing Children for Medical Interventions
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine
			Philosophical Origins of CAM
		CAM Treatments
			Dietary Supplements and Diets
			Prayer
			Acupuncture
			Yoga
			Hypnosis
			Meditation
			Guided Imagery
			Chiropractic Medicine
			Osteopathy
			Massage
			Who Uses CAM?
			Complementary and Alternative Medicine: An Overall Evaluation
		The Placebo Effect
			History of the Placebo
			BOX 9.6 Cancer and the Placebo Effect
			What Is a Placebo?
			Provider Behavior and Placebo Effects
			Patient Characteristics and Placebo Effects
			Patient–Provider Communication and Placebo Effects
			Situational Determinants of Placebo Effects
			Social Norms and Placebo Effects
			The Placebo as a Methodological Tool
	CHAPTER 10 The Management of Pain and Discomfort
		The Elusive Nature of Pain
		BOX 10.1 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Pain: The Childbirth Experience
			Measuring Pain
			BOX 10.2 Headache Drawings Reflect Distress and Disability
			The Physiology of Pain
			BOX 10.3 Phantom Limb Pain: A Case History
			Neurochemical Bases of Pain and Its Inhibition
		Clinical Issues in Pain Management
			Acute and Chronic Pain
			Pain and Personality
		Pain Control Techniques
			Pharmacological Control of Pain
			Surgical Control of Pain
			BOX 10.4 The Opioid Crisis
			Sensory Control of Pain
			Biofeedback
			Relaxation Techniques
			Distraction
			Coping Skills Training
			Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
		Pain Management Programs
			Initial Evaluation
			Individualized Treatment
			Components of Programs
			Involvement of Family
			Relapse Prevention
			Evaluation of Programs
PART 5MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC AND TERMINAL HEALTH DISORDERS
	CHAPTER 11 Management of Chronic Health Disorders
		Quality of Life
			What Is Quality of Life?
			Why Study Quality of Life?
		Emotional Responses to Chronic Health Disorders
			Denial
			Anxiety
			Depression
			BOX 11.1 A Future of Fear
		Personal Issues in Chronic Health Disorders
			The Physical Self
			The Achieving Self
			The Social Self
			The Private Self
		Coping with Chronic Health Disorders
			Coping Strategies and Chronic Health Disorders
			Patients’ Beliefs About Chronic Health Disorders
		Comanagement of Chronic Health Disorders
			Physical and Behavioral Rehabilitation
			BOX 11.2 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Other Functional Disorders
			BOX 11.3 Epilepsy and the Need for a Job Redesign
			Vocational Issues in Chronic Health Disorders
			Social Interaction Problems in Chronic Health Disorders
			BOX 11.4 Who Works with People with Chronic Health Disorders?
			Gender and the Impact of Chronic Health Disorders
			Positive Changes in Response to Chronic Health Disorders
			When a Child Has a Chronic Health Disorder
		Psychological Interventions and Chronic Health Disorders
			Pharmacological Interventions
			Individual Therapy
			Relaxation, Stress Management, and Exercise
			Social Support Interventions
			BOX 11.5 Help on the Internet
			Support Groups
	CHAPTER 12 Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness
		Death Across the Life Span
			Death in Infancy and Childhood
			Death in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
			Death in Middle Age
			Death in Old Age
			BOX 12.1 Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men?
		Psychological Issues in Advancing Illness
			Continued Treatment and Advancing Illness
			BOX 12.2 A Letter to My Physician
			Psychological and Social Issues Related to Dying
			BOX 12.3 Ready to Die: The Question of Assisted Death
			The Issue of Nontraditional Treatment
		Are There Stages in Adjustment to Dying?
			Kübler-Ross’s Five-Stage Theory
			Evaluation of Ku¨bler-Ross’s Theory
		Psychological Issues and the Terminally Ill
			Medical Staff and the Terminally Ill Patient
			The Promise of Palliative Care
			Counseling with the Terminally Ill
			The Management of Terminal Illness in Children
		Alternatives to Hospital Care for the Terminally Ill
			Hospice Care
			Home Care
		Problems of Survivors
			BOX 12.4 Cultural Attitudes Toward Death
			The Survivor
			Death Education
	CHAPTER 13 Heart Disease, Hypertension, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes
		Coronary Heart Disease
			What Is CHD?
			Risk Factors for CHD
			Stress and CHD
			Women and CHD
			Personality, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and CHD
			BOX 13.1 Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease
			Depression and CHD
			Other Psychosocial Risk Factors and CHD
			Management of Heart Disease
			BOX 13.2 Picturing the Heart
			Prevention of Heart Disease
		Hypertension
			How Is Hypertension Measured?
			What Causes Hypertension?
			Treatment of Hypertension
			The Hidden Disease
		Stroke
			Risk Factors for Stroke
			Consequences of Stroke
			Rehabilitative Interventions
		Type 2 Diabetes
			Health Implications of Diabetes
			Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Diabetes
			BOX 13.3 Stress Management and the Control of Diabetes
			The Management of Diabetes
	CHAPTER 14 Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders
		Psychoneuroimmunology
			The Immune System
			Assessing Immune Functioning
			Stress and Immune Functioning
			BOX 14.1 Autoimmune Disorders
			Negative Affect and Immune Functioning
			Stress, Immune Functioning, and Interpersonal Relationships
			Psychosocial Resources and Immune Functioning
			Interventions to Improve Immune Functioning
		HIV Infection and AIDS
			A Brief History of HIV Infection and AIDS
			HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States
			The Psychosocial Impact of HIV Infection
			Interventions to Reduce the Spread of HIV Infection
			Coping with HIV+ Status and AIDS
			Psychosocial Factors That Affect the Course of HIV Infection
		Cancer
			Why Is Cancer Hard to Study?
			Who Gets Cancer? A Complex Profile
			Psychosocial Factors and Cancer
			Psychosocial Factors and the Course of Cancer
			Adjusting to Cancer
			Psychosocial Issues and Cancer
			Post traumatic Growth
			Interventions
			Therapies with Cancer Patients
		Arthritis
			Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Osteoarthritis
		Type 1 Diabetes
			Special Problems of Adolescents with Diabetes
PART 6 TOWARD THE FUTURE
	CHAPTER 15 Health Psychology: Challenges for the Future
		Health Promotion
			A Focus on Those at Risk
			Prevention
			A Focus on Older Adults
			Refocusing Health Promotion Efforts
			Promoting Resilience
			Health Promotion and Medical Practice
			Health Disparities
		Stress and Its Management
			Where Is Stress Research Headed?
		Health Services
			Building Better Consumers
		Management of Serious Illness
			Quality-of-Life Assessment
			The Aging of the Population
		Trends in Health and Health Psychology
			Research of the Future
			The Changing Nature of Medical Practice
			Systematic Documentation of Cost-Effectiveness and Treatment Effectiveness
			International Health
		Becoming a Health Psychologist
			Undergraduate Experience
			Graduate Experience
			Postgraduate Work
			Employment
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
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