Health Issues in the Black Community

Health Issues in the Black Community, Third Edition......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
FOREWORD......Page 13
PREFACE......Page 15
EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES......Page 19
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES......Page 21
PART 1: HEALTH STATUS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN......Page 39
CHAPTER 1: AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH: AN OVERVIEW......Page 41
HEART DISEASE......Page 45
CANCER......Page 46
STROKE......Page 49
DIABETES......Page 50
HOMICIDE......Page 52
CONCLUSION......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 56
ROOTS OF ACTIVITIES TO ELIMINATE DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE......Page 59
AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND PHYSICIANS ADDRESS DISPARITIES, 1891–1945......Page 60
AFRICAN AMERICAN SELF-HELP ACTIVITIES, 1913–1948......Page 66
CONCLUSION: FROM THE MEDICAL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TO THE HECKLER REPORT......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
CHAPTER 3: THE HEALTH STATUS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 73
CHILD IMMUNIZATIONS......Page 74
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES......Page 75
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 76
CHRONIC DISEASES......Page 77
UNINTENDED PREGNANCY, STIS, AND HIV/AIDS......Page 78
SUBSTANCE USE......Page 79
DELINQUENCY AND CRIMINALITY......Page 80
EDUCATIONAL DEFICIT AND TRUANCY......Page 81
FOSTER CARE......Page 83
POVERTY AND ACCESS TO CARE......Page 85
PROTECTIVE FACTORS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
CHAPTER 4: THE HEALTH STATUS OF BLACK WOMEN......Page 93
DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, AND STROKE......Page 94
CANCER......Page 96
MATERNAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH......Page 98
OBESITY AND DIABETES......Page 99
LUPUS......Page 100
HIV/AIDS......Page 101
MENTAL HEALTH......Page 102
VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 104
SUMMARY......Page 106
REFERENCES......Page 107
AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN’S HEALTH STATUS......Page 111
IMPACT OF SOCIAL POLICIES ON BLACK MEN’S HEALTH......Page 115
NEIGHBORHOOD CONDITIONS AND HEALTH......Page 117
THE REALITY OF RACE: STRESS AND HEALTH......Page 118
DEFINING BARRIERS TO MEN’S PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH CARE......Page 119
SOCIOECONOMIC EXPERIENCES: EMPLOYMENT......Page 121
DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH PRACTICES......Page 122
INCOME......Page 123
HEALTH AS A CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUE......Page 124
THE GLOBAL CAUSE......Page 125
RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL HISTORIES AND SOCIAL CONTEXT......Page 126
IDENTIFYING AND COMBATING “JOHN HENRYISM”......Page 127
REDEFINING HEALTH AS A MASCULINE IDEAL......Page 128
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS BENEFIT TO SOCIETY......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
CHAPTER 6: HEALTH AND BLACK OLDER ADULTS......Page 133
HEALTH STATUS OF BLACK OLDER ADULTS......Page 134
LIFE-COURSE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 139
EMERGING ISSUES IN THE HEALTH OF AGING BLACKS......Page 145
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
PART 2: SOCIAL, MENTAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES......Page 155
CHAPTER 7: STIGMA AND MENTAL HEALTH IN AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 157
STIGMA AND MENTAL HEALTH......Page 158
MENTAL ILLNESS STIGMA IN AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 160
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS AND STIGMA......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 167
CHAPTER 8: HOMICIDE AND VIOLENCE AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN YOUTH: FROM EPIDEMIC TO ENDEMIC?......Page 171
THE COSTS OF VIOLENCE AND HOMICIDE AMONG YOUTH......Page 172
DEFINITIONS OF HOMICIDE AND VIOLENCE......Page 173
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH: AN ECO-DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK OF YOUTH VIOLENCE......Page 174
SOCIAL CAPITAL: AN INNOVATIVE AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO YOUTH VIOLENCE......Page 182
APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING YOUTH VIOLENCE AND HOMICIDE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 188
CHAPTER 9: NARROWING THE GAP BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF ORGANS FOR TRANSPLANTATION......Page 195
THE NEED FOR TRANSPLANTATION AMONG MINORITIES......Page 196
EXAMINING THE FORCES OF DEMAND FOR TRANSPLANTS AND SUPPLY OF ORGANS......Page 197
APPROACHES TO CREATING A STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM......Page 203
POLICY IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE GAP, AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 209
CHAPTER 10: AFRICAN AMERICANS ON THE FRONT LINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAULT......Page 215
HISTORICAL BACKDROP......Page 216
THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PARADIGM......Page 219
DEADLY DUMPING GROUNDS AT THE FENCELINE......Page 222
A CALL FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE......Page 237
CONCLUSION......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
CHAPTER 11: THE IMPACT OF INCARCERATION ON THE HEALTH OF AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 247
BACKGROUND TRENDS......Page 248
HEALTH STATUS OF INCARCERATED AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 249
CAUSES FOR DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE INCARCERATED POPULATIONS......Page 254
RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 262
PART 3: CHRONIC DISEASES......Page 269
CHAPTER 12: HYPERTENSION IN AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES......Page 271
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION......Page 272
ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 273
ETIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: THE ROLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS......Page 275
HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS: RACIAL DISPARITIES......Page 279
TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION: MULTILEVEL INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES......Page 281
SUMMARY......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
CHAPTER 13: A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 297
SCREENING GUIDELINES......Page 299
CANCER BURDEN AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 303
RISK FACTORS, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR THE FOUR LEADING CANCERS......Page 307
NEEDED ACTIONS—IMPLICATIONS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS AND OTHER MINORITY POPULATIONS......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 314
CHAPTER 14: HEALTH DISPARITIES: THE CASE FOR DIABETES......Page 317
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIABETES......Page 318
PREVENTION OF DIABETES......Page 319
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE RESOURCES......Page 322
INTERVENTIONS TAILORED TO THE PATIENT’S CULTURAL BACKGROUND AND LITERACY LEVEL......Page 323
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT......Page 324
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
CHAPTER 15: SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS......Page 329
RELEVANT AND RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 332
BLACK DISPARITIES IN LUPUS......Page 338
THE GEORGIA LUPUS REGISTRY......Page 342
POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE DISPARITY GAP......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
CHAPTER 16: ORAL HEALTH......Page 351
RESEARCH: ACQUISITION AND APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE......Page 352
EDUCATION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORAL HEALTH AND LACK OF PRACTITIONERS OF COLOR......Page 361
THE CHALLENGES IN DENTAL EDUCATION......Page 369
SERVICE: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE; COMMUNITY, GROUP, AND INDIVIDUAL......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 378
PART 4: LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS......Page 381
CHAPTER 17: SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY......Page 383
SCOPE OF SUBSTANCE USE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 384
DEPENDENCE VERSUS ADDICTION......Page 385
MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION AND DEPENDENCE......Page 386
THE IMPACT OF NICOTINE AND ALCOHOL......Page 388
PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCES: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG ATHLETES......Page 389
DRUGS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR......Page 392
ETHNICITY AND SENTENCING FOR DRUG OFFENSES......Page 394
INCARCERATION AND DRUG-RELATED INFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 395
SUMMARY......Page 396
REFERENCES......Page 397
NATURE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 401
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 404
CURRENT RESEARCH......Page 406
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 410
LESSONS LEARNED, BEST PRACTICES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 412
REFERENCES......Page 413
INTRODUCTION......Page 417
BACKGROUND: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRENDS......Page 422
ELIMINATING THE BLACK-WHITE DISPARITY: A CASE STUDY......Page 425
INTERVENTIONS: 1990–2001......Page 428
POST-2001 INITIATIVES......Page 435
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL TO ELIMINATE POPULATION DISPARITIES......Page 440
RECOMMENDATIONS TO PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENTISTS AND PRACTITIONERS......Page 447
CONCLUSION......Page 450
REFERENCES......Page 451
BACKGROUND: A HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 455
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 457
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL USE AND RELATED PROBLEMS......Page 460
NORMS ABOUT ALCOHOL USE......Page 461
SALIENT THEORY FOR YOUNG ADULTS......Page 463
INTERVENING ON ALCOHOL USE AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY......Page 464
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 465
REFERENCES......Page 466
CHAPTER 21: NUTRITION AND OBESITY ISSUES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 469
WHAT DO AFRICAN AMERICANS EAT?......Page 470
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG BLACKS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 475
MULTIPLE INFLUENCES ON DIET AND OBESITY......Page 477
NUTRITION AND OBESITY INTERVENTIONS......Page 483
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 489
REFERENCES......Page 490
CHAPTER 22: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 499
MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES......Page 502
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 507
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION RESEARCH......Page 510
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PRACTICE......Page 515
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 517
REFERENCES......Page 518
PART 5: ALTERNATIVE INTERVENTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT......Page 527
CHIROPRACTIC MEDICINE......Page 529
INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE......Page 531
CHRONIC ILLNESSES......Page 533
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, EDUCATION, AND OUTREACH TO ETHNIC MINORITIES......Page 535
POLICY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 538
HIGHLIGHTS OF CURRENT ISSUES......Page 539
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLOSING THE HEALTH DISPARITY GAP......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 542
CHAPTER 24: THE ROLE OF BLACK FAITH COMMUNITIES IN FOSTERING HEALTH......Page 545
COPING WITH HEALTH DISPARITIES IN THE COMMUNITY......Page 546
FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION POLICIES......Page 548
FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION STUDIES......Page 549
LESSONS LEARNED, BEST PRACTICES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FAITH-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION......Page 553
REFERENCES......Page 557
CHAPTER 25: COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY......Page 561
THE ROLE OF CHWS IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY......Page 562
ISSUES UNIQUE TO THE BLACK COMMUNITY THAT CHWs ARE ADDRESSING......Page 564
POLICY IMPLICATIONS......Page 567
CONCLUSION......Page 568
REFERENCES......Page 569
PART 6: ETHICAL, POLITICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 571
CHAPTER 26: USING SOCIAL MARKETING TO LESSEN HEALTH DISPARITIES......Page 573
AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HEALTH......Page 574
SOCIAL MARKETING AS A TOOL TO ADDRESS HEALTH ISSUES......Page 576
APPLICATION OF A SOCIAL MARKETING APPROACH TO HEALTH ISSUES AFFECTING THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY......Page 582
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 586
REFERENCES......Page 589
CHAPTER 27: FOSTERING A SOCIAL JUSTICE APPROACH TO HEALTH......Page 593
WHAT IS HEALTH EQUITY?......Page 594
CONCLUSION......Page 613
REFERENCES......Page 614
CHAPTER 28: CLOSING THE GAP......Page 619
THE CASE FOR CHANGE......Page 620
FLAWS IN U.S. HEALTH CARE......Page 622
UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE......Page 624
CALL TO ACTION......Page 629
REFERENCES......Page 633
AFTERWORD......Page 635
THE AFFECTED COMMUNITIES......Page 637
GOVERNMENT......Page 638
PHILANTHROPY......Page 639
INDEX......Page 641