Health Education: Creating Strategies for School and Community Health

Title
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
	Process of Health Education
	History of Health Education
	Goals of the Text
	Format of the Text
		Competencies
		Use of Competencies in the Text
		Methodologies
	Method Selection Components
	Objectives
	Case Studies
		Example of Case Study
		Example of Case Study Revisited
	Summary, Practice Exercises, and References
	Glossary
	Proverbs
Chapter 2 PLANNING FOR INSTRUCTION
	Program Planning
	Target Population
		Demographics
		Statistics
	Focus Groups
	The Goal–Objectives–Performance Indicators Link for Evaluation
	Writing General Goals
		Goals for Healthy People
	Narrowing Goals to Measurable Objectives
	Why Use Objectives?
	Issues in Setting Objectives and Selecting Interventions/Methods
	Process Objectives
	Writing Outcome/Impact Objectives
	Writing Self-Contained Outcome/Impact Objectives
		Correcting Errors
		ABCD&E Formula for Writing Objectives
		Educational Domains
	Other Objective-Writing Formats
	Suggested Recipe for Writing Health Education Outcome/Impact Objectives
	Objective-Writing Exercises
		Common Mistakes in Objective Selection
	National Health Objectives
	Ethical Considerations
		Ethics as Part of Planning
		Human Subjects Review
		Ethical Obligations to Employer
Chapter 3 CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR CHANGE: INTERVENTION AND METHOD SELECTION
	Objectives as Drivers of Selection
	Health Education Theories and Models
		Constructs, Theories, and Models
	PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
	Theory/Model Selection
	Theoretical Perspectives
	Theories from a Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
		Health Belief Model
		Transtheoretical Model
		Theory of Planned Behavior
		Social Cognitive Theory
	Theories from a Community-Level Perspective
		Change Strategies
	Using Theories and Planning Models
	Educational Principles
		Principles Related to Motivation
		Principles Related to Needs and Abilities
		Principles Related to the General Nature of Learning
	Characteristics of Learner and Community
		Principles Related to Adult Learners
		Learning Preferences
		Group Size
		Contact Time
		Budget
		Resources/Site
		Characteristics of the Educational Provider
		Cultural Appropriateness
		Using a Variety of Methods
		Some Comments on Method Choice
	The Learning Environment
		Noise Levels
		Seating Arrangements
	Using the Total Environment
	Packaging the Total Intervention Strategy
		Common Mistakes in Method Selection
		Principles of Engagement
Chapter 4 METHODS OF INSTRUCTION AND INTERVENTION
	Using Methods as a Framework
	Method/Intervention 1: Getting Acquainted (Icebreakers)
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: The Name Game
		Example 2: Get It Off My Back Purpose
		Example 3: Special Name Tags
		Example 4: Snowball!
	Method/Intervention 2: Audio
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: Interviews with Experts
		Example 2: Self-Interview
		Example 3: Development of Skills
	Method/Intervention 3: Audiovisual Materials
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 4: Brainstorming
		Rules
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Sample Operational Procedures
		Assumptions
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 5: Case Studies
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: Case Study of Diabetes Prevention Program in Charlotte, North Carolina
		Example 2: Case Study of Problem Pregnancy Prevention Program in Raleigh, North Carolina
		Example 3: Case Study of AIDS Prevention Program in Washington, DC
	Method/Intervention 6: Cooperative Learning and Group Work
		When to Use
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation of Group Work (Wehrli & Nyquist, 2003)
		Tips for Effective Implementation of Cooperative Learning (Kagen, 1999)
		Other Tips
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 7: Debates
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 8: Displays and Bulletin Boards
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
	Method/Intervention 9: Educational Games
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: Football Game
		Example 2: Baseball Game
		Example 3: Hollywood Squares
		Example 4: Health Bingo
		Example 5: Educational Relay
	Method/Intervention 10: Experiments and Demonstrations
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: Fish Tank Ecology Demonstration
		Example 2: Smoking Experiment (Accumulation of Tar 1)
		Example 3: Smoking Experiment (Accumulation of Tar 2)
		Other Examples
	Method/Intervention 11: Field Trips
		When to Use
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
	Example 1: Health Museums or Health Education Centers
		Other Examples
	Method/Intervention 12: Guest Speakers
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example: Eating Disorders Unit
	Method/Intervention 13: Guided Imagery and Visualization
		When to Use
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 14: Humor
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 15: Lecture
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
	Method/Intervention 16: Mass Media
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Example: Local Media Campaign
	Method/Intervention 17: Models
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 18: Music
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 19: Newsletters
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
	Method/Intervention 20: Panels
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 1: Supplements Participants
		Example 2: Teenage Pregnancy
	Method/Intervention 21: Peer Education
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example: Alcohol Abuse, Sexuality, and Stress Management Programs
	Method/Intervention 22: Personal Improvement Projects
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation (Wehrli & Nyquist, 2003)
		Examples
		Example: Personal Improvement Project for Weight Loss
	Method/Intervention 23: Problem Solving
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 24: Puppets
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 25: Role-Plays
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation Rules
		Example 1: Violence Prevention
		Example 2: Sexuality Education
		Example 3: Effective Communication (with Role-Play Assessment)
		Example 4: Ecology Social Responsibility
		Example 5: Group Role-Play: Elective Surgery
	Method/Intervention 26: Self-Appraisals
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 27: Service Learning
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example: Big Event
		Other Examples
	Method/Intervention 28: Simulations
		Rationale
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Method/Intervention 29: Storytelling
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation (Bishop & Kimball, 2006)
		Example 1: Blood Circulation—The Story of the Red Blood Cell’s Journey through the Heart
		Example 2: Poetry and Decision Making Story
	Method/Intervention 30: Technology-Assisted Instruction
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		General Examples
		Example 1: Photo Voice Using Digital Cameras
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example 2: Exploring Apps in Health
	Method/Intervention 31: Theater
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Example: Sample Script, “The Babysitter’s Dilemma”
	Method/Intervention 32: Value Clarification
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Rules
		Example: Health Education Decision
	Method/Intervention 33: Word Games and Puzzles
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Tips for Effective Implementation
		Examples
	Promising Methods by Topic
		Drug Education
		Human Sexuality
		Environmental Health
		Consumer Health/Nutrition
		First Aid
Chapter 5 PRESENTATION AND UNIT PLAN DEVELOPMENT
	Fundamental Principles
	Planning the Intervention
	Unit Plans
		Reinventing the Wheel
		Noteworthy Use of Your Tax Dollars
	Unit Construction Guidelines
		Overview
		Statement of Purpose
		Long-Range Goals, General Objectives, or Key Concepts
		Behavioral Objectives
		Outline of Content
		Methods/Strategies/ Learning Opportunities
		List of Materials
		Evaluation Activities
		List of Available Resources and Materials
		Block Plan
	Lesson/Presentation Plans
	Elements of a Simple Lesson/Presentation Plan
		Background
		Objectives
		Introduction
		Developmental Section
		Conclusion
		Anticipated Problems
		Evaluation
	Lesson Plan Example
		Lesson/Presentation Plan
		Objectives
		Introduction
		Developmental Section
		Conclusion
		Anticipated Problems
		Evaluation
		Supplemental Material to Support the Developmental Section
Chapter 6 TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION
	Caveat Emptor
	The Feds Strike Back!
	Evaluating Internet Sites
	Correctly Citing Internet Sources
	Public Domain in Health Education
	Technology in Health Education
	Distance Learning and Health Education
		Internet Media and Forums
		Forums
	Finding Colleagues
	Smartphones and Health Monitoring
Chapter 7 USE OF MEDIA IN HEALTH EDUCATION: LITERACY, SELECTION, MARKETING, DEVELOPMENT, AND EQUIPMENT
	Media Literacy
		Resources
	Selecting and Evaluating Media
		Media Objectives
		Level
		Language
		Content
		Culture/Ethnicity
		Time/Duration of Media
		Cost
		Interest Level
		Production Quality
		Evaluation
		Availability
		Format
		Approval
	Media Development
		Objectives
		Present Resources
		Format
		Expertise
		Cost
		Financing
		Marketing
		Production Quality
		Evaluation
	Major Types of Media Equipment
		DVDs
		Document Cameras
		Interactive Whiteboards
		Presentation Software
		Audience Response Systems
		Personal Computers
		Tablet Computers
	The Dinosaur Section
	Preparing Visual Materials
		Concept 1: Avoid Text-Heavy Slides
		Concept 2: One Concept per Slide
		Concept 3: Use Neutral Templates
		Concept 4: Avoid Irrelevant Graphics, Images, and Silly Clip Art
		Concept 5: Use Candid (Unstaged) Photographs
		Concept 6: Use Subtle and Classic Loud and Soft Principles to Highlight Text
		Concept 7: Use Smart Animations to Show Relationships or to Highlight Key Points
	Marketing Interventions
	Preparing Promotional Materials
Chapter 8 HEALTH DISPARITIES
	Changing Demographics in the United States
	Should We Study Health Disparities?
	Eliminating Disparities in Health
	Social Determinants of Health
	Health Literacy
		Guidelines for Developing Materials for Health Literacy
	Cultural Competency
	Tuskegee: A Legacy of Doubt
		Tuskegee Postscript
	Institutional Review Boards
	Suggested Health Promotion Strategies for Diverse Cultures
		Strengthening the Individual
		Strengthening the Community
		Reducing Barriers
	Ethnicity and the Health Educator
Chapter 9 SPECIAL CHALLENGES
	Exceptional Populations
		Categories of Exceptional Children
	Visually Impaired
		Learning Aids and Material for the Visually Impaired
		Assisting the Partially Sighted
	Learning Disabled
		Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Teaching Participants with Learning Disabilities
	Deafness
		Deaf Culture
		If I Speak in a Clear Manner, Can’t They Read Lips?
		Couldn’t I Take a Quick Course in Sign Language?
		Sources of Information
		Teaching Methods and Strategies
		Communication Tips
Chapter 10 CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS: SEXUALITY EDUCATION … AND MORE
	Other Potentially Controversial Topics
		Childhood Obesity
		Cigarette Smoking
		Immunization
		Motorcycle and Bicycle Helmet Use
	Evolution of Sex and Drug Education
	Justification of Program Development
		Sexual Behavior
		The Bad News
	Abstinence Versus Responsibility
	Europe . . . a Different Approach
	Developing Goals and Objectives for Sexuality Education
	Opposition to Sexuality Education
		Majority or Minority?
		Common Opposition Arguments
	Avoiding Trouble in Sexuality Education
		Inadequate Knowledge and Background
		Unrealistic Curriculum Goals and Objectives
		Not Being Prepared to Defend the Program
		Inappropriate Materials or Assignments
		Using Materials Without Preview
		Inappropriate Guest Speakers
		Personal Bias in Teaching
		Using Slang
		Sharing Personal Sexual Experiences
		Behind Closed Doors
		Assumptions to Avoid
		Summary
	Establishing a Curriculum or Program in a Controversial Area
		Writing Committee
		Advisory Committee
	Characteristics of Effective Sexuality and HIV Education Programs
	Political Correctness and the Health Educator
Appendix RESOURCES
	Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession
		Preamble
	Article I: Responsibility to the Public
	Article II: Responsibility to the Profession
	Article III: Responsibility to Employers
	Article IV: Responsibility in the Delivery of Health Education
	Article V: Responsibility in Research and Evaluation
	Article VI: Responsibility in Professional Preparation
GLOSSARY
INDEX