Health at a Glance 2019 : OECD indicators.

Foreword
Table of contents
Executive summary
Reader’s guide
Chapter 1. Indicator overview: comparative performance of countries and major trends
	Introduction
	Health status
	Risk factors for health
	Access to care
	Quality of care
	Health care resources
	To what extent does health spending translate into better access, quality and health outcomes, and more health professionals?
	Health spending and health outcomes
	Health spending, access and quality of care
	Health spending and number of health professionals
Chapter 2. Measuring what matters for people-centred health systems
	Introduction
	A people-centred health system needs to measure what matters to patients
	Outputs provide only a partial picture of health system performance
	We know how medicine treats diseases but what about the patient’s quality of life?
	A good care experience contributes to better outcomes and is also an end in itself
	Shared decision making requires patient-reporting
	Patient-reported measures are robust and reliable
	Joint replacement rates are rising but are patients reporting improvement?
	On average, hip replacement patients reported improvement
	Improvements reported following knee replacement were more modest
	Results should be interpreted with caution
	Better information on breast cancer care outcomes helps patients facing difficult treatment choices
	The collection and use of PROMs in breast cancer care is growing
	Results suggest higher breast satisfaction outcomes after breast conserving therapy in some, but not all sites
	Women report slightly more satisfaction following autologous than implant breast reconstruction
	Recent use of PROMs indicates that autologous reconstruction may be cost-effective
	Existing mental health measures say little about experiences and outcomes of care
	Collaboration to enhance patient-reporting in mental health
	Conclusion
Chapter 3. Health status
	Trends in life expectancy
	Life expectancy by sex and education level
	Main causes of mortality
	Avoidable mortality (preventable and treatable)
	Mortality from circulatory diseases
	Cancer incidence and mortality
	Chronic disease morbidity
	Infant health
	Mental health
	Self-rated health
Chapter 4. Risk factors for health
	Smoking among adults
	Alcohol consumption among adults
	Opioids use
	Diet and physical activity among adults
	Overweight and obesity among adults
	Overweight and obesity among children
	Air pollution and extreme temperatures
Chapter 5. Access to care
	Population coverage for health care
	Extent of health care coverage
	Use of primary care services
	Unmet need for health care
	Financial hardship and out-of-pocket expenditure
	Geographic distribution of doctors
	Waiting times for elective surgery
Chapter 6. Quality and outcomes of care
	Safe primary care – prescribing
	Safe acute care – surgical complications and health care-associated infections
	Safe acute care – obstetric trauma
	Avoidable hospital admissions
	Diabetes care
	Mortality following ischaemic stroke
	Mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
	Hip and knee surgery
	Care for people with mental health disorders
	Breast cancer outcomes
	Screening and survival for colorectal cancer
	Survival for other major cancers
	Vaccinations
	Patient experiences of ambulatory care
Chapter 7. Health expenditure
	Health expenditure per capita
	Health expenditure in relation to GDP
	Prices in the health sector
	Health expenditure by financing scheme
	Public funding of health spending
	Health expenditure by type of service
	Health expenditure by provider
	Capital expenditure in the health sector
	Projections of health expenditure
Chapter 8. Health workforce
	Health and social care workforce
	Doctors (overall number)
	Doctors (by age, sex and category)
	Remuneration of doctors (general practitioners and specialists)
	Nurses
	Remuneration of nurses
	Medical graduates
	Nursing graduates
	International migration of doctors and nurses
Chapter 9. Health care activities
	Consultations with doctors
	Medical technologies
	Hospital beds and discharge rates
	Average length of stay in hospitals
	Hip and knee replacement
	Caesarean sections
	Ambulatory surgery
Chapter 10. Pharmaceutical sector
	Pharmaceutical expenditure
	Pharmacists and pharmacies
	Pharmaceutical consumption
	Generics and biosimilars
	Research and development in the pharmaceutical sector
Chapter 11. Ageing and long-term care
	Demographic trends
	Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 65
	Self-rated health and disability at age 65 and over
	Dementia
	Safe prescribing in older populations
	Safe long-term care
	Recipients of long-term care
	Informal carers
	Long-term care workers
	Long-term beds in facilities and hospitals
	Long-term care spending and unit costs