Hazardous Materials Incidents - Surviving the Initial Response

NCHRP Synthesis 415 – Design Fires in Road Tunnels......Page 1
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Transportation Research Board 2011 Executive Committee......Page 2
Design Fires in Road Tunnels......Page 3
About the National Academies......Page 5
NCHRP Committee for Project 20-05......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Summary......Page 11
Project Overview......Page 16
Description of the Survey Process......Page 17
Prevention of Tunnel Highway Fires......Page 19
Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure......Page 20
UPTUN—Summary......Page 21
SafeT......Page 22
Safe Tunnel......Page 23
EGSISTES......Page 24
Summary......Page 25
Heat Effects......Page 26
Air Carbon Monoxide Content......Page 27
Air Velocities......Page 28
Summary......Page 29
Cause of Vehicular Fires in Road Tunnels......Page 30
Consequences of Tunnel Fires......Page 33
Summary......Page 34
Combined Use for Road and Railway Vehicles......Page 36
Full Scale Tests......Page 38
Small-Scale Testing (Physical Modeling)......Page 45
Large-Scale Experimental Facilities......Page 46
Gaps in Fire Testing, Modeling Limitations, and Computational Fluid Dynamics Verifications......Page 47
Summary......Page 48
Chapter Seven - Analytical Fire Modeling—Literature Review......Page 50
Analytical (Numerical) Fire Modeling Technique......Page 51
Findings on Numerical Modeling Based on Literature Review......Page 53
Summary......Page 54
Severity of Tunnel Fires......Page 55
Existing Practice of Fire Management in Road Tunnels......Page 56
Best Design Practice......Page 57
Maintenance, Repair, and Rehabilitation of the Fire Management Systems......Page 58
Selected Important Examples......Page 59
Computer-Based Training Tools for Operators to Manage Fire—Virtual Training......Page 60
Background......Page 63
Integrated Approach to Safety in Tunnels......Page 65
Design Fire Size......Page 67
Exploring the Emerging Issues of Alternative Fuel Vehicles on Design Fires......Page 69
Fire Smoke and Smoke Production—Literature Review......Page 74
Temperature of Fire Gases and Tunnel Walls......Page 78
Fire Development Based on Literature Review......Page 80
Summary......Page 85
Chapter Ten - Compilation of Design Guidance, Standards, and Regulations......Page 88
Tunnel Ventilation and International Standards Requirements......Page 92
Tunnel Fire Detection, Notification, and International Standards Requirements......Page 99
Tunnel Egress and International Standards Requirements......Page 102
Tunnel Incident Response and International Standards Requirements......Page 103
Summary......Page 105
Time–Temperature and Time-of-Tenability Curves......Page 106
Emergency Egress Timeline......Page 109
Combined Curve for Evacuation and System Activation......Page 111
Summary......Page 112
Background......Page 114
Summary......Page 120
Influence of Ventilation on Fire Heat Release Rate......Page 121
Influence of Structural and Nonstructural Components on Fire Heat Release Rate......Page 122
Summary......Page 123
Example of Design Fire Size Estimate......Page 124
Chapter Fourteen - Conclusions......Page 126
References......Page 133
Bibliography......Page 136
Glossary......Page 139
Appendix A - Survey Questionnaire......Page 140
Appendix B - List of Responding Agencies......Page 146
Appendix C - Summary of Survey Questionnaire Responses......Page 147
Appendix D - Tunnel Safety Projects Additional Descriptions......Page 160
Appendix E - Fire Tests......Page 166
Appendix F - Comparison of National and International Standards Requirements......Page 170
Appendix G - Past Tunnel Fires Description......Page 188
Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications......Page 199