Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives

Title Page\r......Page 3
Copyright\r......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
Introduction to Section 1Progress in Deep Underwater Geology around Hawaii......Page 9
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 11
4.1 North Arch Lava Flows......Page 12
5. GUIDE TO THE CD-ROM......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 18
3. NORTHEAST FLANKS OF KOHALAAND MAUNA KEA......Page 19
3.1 Pololu Slump......Page 23
3.2. Laupahoehoe Slump......Page 24
4. HANA RIDGE......Page 25
6.1 Structure and Origin of Pololu and Laupahoehoe Slides......Page 29
6.2 Evolution of Hana Ridge......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 36
2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND SAMPLING SITES......Page 37
2.2. Piston-Core Samples......Page 42
3.1. Textures......Page 43
3.2. Glass Chemistry......Page 44
4.2. Glass Abundance and Composition......Page 48
5. SEDIMENT SOURCE AND DEPOSITIONALPROCESSES ON THE SOUTH FLANK......Page 50
6. EVENTS RECORDED IN PISTON CORES......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 55
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 58
2.1. The Nuuanu and Wailau Debris Avalanches......Page 59
3. CORE LITHOLOGY......Page 60
3.1. Core Lithology North of Oahu and Molokai......Page 61
3.2. Core Lithology South of Hawaii......Page 62
5. MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THESEDIMENTS......Page 63
8. MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC MODELS......Page 64
9.1. Sedimentation Rates......Page 66
9.2. Ages of Turbidites North of OahuUsing the age models constructed by......Page 67
10. SUMMARY......Page 68
REFERENCES......Page 69
Eruption Style and Flow Emplacement in the Submarine North ArchVolcanic Field, Hawaii......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 72
3.1 SeaBeam 2100 Mapping......Page 73
3.2 Near-Vent Constructs......Page 76
3.4. Observations From the Shinkai 6500 Submersible......Page 80
4.1. Volume o/the Flows......Page 82
4.2. Age of the Flows......Page 84
4.3. Eruption Styles and Rates......Page 85
4.4 Lava Flow Emplacement......Page 86
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 91
2.1 Subaerial Flow-lobe Tmuli: Kilauea 1990-91 andMauna Loa 1843 Lavas of Hawaii......Page 92
2.2 Subaqueous Lava Flow Lobes: Loihi Seamount and offNorthern Oahu Island......Page 94
2.3 Surface Textures of Flow Lobes......Page 95
3. LOBE EMPLACEMENT AND LAVA SUPPLY RATES......Page 97
4.1 Growth Mechanism of Subaqueous Pahoehoe Lobes......Page 103
4.2 What Determines the Volume of a Flow Lobe?......Page 104
5. CONCLUSION......Page 105
6. REFERENCES......Page 106
Introduction to Section 2Climax-Stage Magmatism:Growth History Of Kilauea Volcano And Its Instability......Page 108
Structural Variability Along the Submarine South Flank of KilaueaVolcano, HawaH, From a Multichannel Seismic Reflection Survey......Page 110
INTRODUCTION......Page 111
GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 112
Data Processing......Page 114
Seismic Tectono-stratigraphic Units......Page 117
Structure of the South Flank......Page 118
Structural Summary......Page 122
Relative Timing of Deformation......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 130
2. BACKGROUND......Page 131
4.1. Flow Fields......Page 132
4.3. Cones......Page 135
4.4. Terraces......Page 138
5. DISCUSSION......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 145
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 147
2. MORPHOLOGY OF THE PUNA RIDGE......Page 149
3.1 Site Selection and Transponder Navigation of Sampling Devices......Page 150
3.5 Sample Classification......Page 151
5.1 Petrology of Puna Ridge Glasses......Page 153
6. DISCUSSION......Page 158
6.1 Fractionation models......Page 159
6.4 Origin of alkalic lavas......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 164
2. GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 166
3. STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE OF THESUBMARINE SOUTH FLANK......Page 168
4. COMPOSITIONS OF BRECCIA CLASTS, BRECCIAMATRIX, AND SANDSTONES......Page 175
5. SUBMARINE GROWTH OF ANCESTRALKILAUEA......Page 178
6. AGES OF EARLY EVENTS: ISOTOPIC DATINGAND PISTON-CORE STRATIGRAPHY......Page 182
8.1. Significance of Compositionally Diverse Volcaniclastic Rocks......Page 185
8.2. Northwest-Trending Transverse Structures......Page 187
8.3. Prior Shield-Stage Slope Failures?......Page 188
8.4. CompressionalDeformation: Imbricate Thrusts Versus Localized Uplift......Page 189
8.5. Evolution of the Hilina Fault System and Future SlopeStability......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 191
INTRODUCTION AND GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 195
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 197
Hilina Bench Glass Compositions......Page 198
Whole-Rock Trace Element Results......Page 205
Source Characteristics for Hilina - Kilauea Magmas......Page 207
Partial Melting Conditions......Page 210
Comparisons With Lo\'ihi Seamount and a ProgressiveChange in Source Composition......Page 212
Origin of Ancestral Kilauea Nephelinites and Basanites......Page 215
CONCLUSIONS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
Introduction to Section 3Giant Landslides Northeast of O\'ahu: When, Why and How?......Page 222
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 224
2.2. Mid-Pacific Expeditions During the 1950s......Page 225
2.3. The Pioneer-Rehoboth Survey, 1957......Page 226
2.5. The McArthur Surveys, 1968......Page 228
2.6. TheMahiSurvey, 1969......Page 229
2.7.The Farnella Surveys, 1986-91......Page 231
2.10 The Ocean Alert Surveys, 1998......Page 235
3.1 Nature of the Landslide Blocks......Page 237
3.2. Geometry of Nuuanu and Wailau Landslides......Page 239
3.3. Development of Nuuanu Landslide......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 244
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 246
3. OUTCROP CLASSIFICATION......Page 247
3.2. Volcaniclastic Rocks......Page 248
3.3. Unconsolidated Reworked Epiclastic Sediments......Page 251
4.1. Interpretive geologic map of the Nuuanu and Wailau Landslides......Page 255
4.2. Reconstruction of Oahu......Page 258
4.3. Why did the Huge Landslide Occur Northeast ofOahu?......Page 259
REFERENCES......Page 261
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 263
2. PISTON CORE LOCATION AND STRATIGRAPHY......Page 265
3.2 Major Element and Sulfur Chemistry......Page 267
4. SULFUR: AN INDICATOR OF DEPTH OFERUPTION......Page 271
5. MAJOR ELEMENTS AS INDICATORS OF SOURCEVOLCANO......Page 272
REFERENCES......Page 276
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278
2.2. Lithified Polymict Breccia......Page 279
2.3. Polymict Hyaloclastite......Page 280
3. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSF RAGMENTS......Page 281
3.3. Wailau Landslide......Page 283
5.1. Sedimentary Landslide Block-mantling Debris......Page 289
5.2. Tectonic Breccia......Page 290
8. TIMING OF THE NUUANU AND WAILAULANDSLIDES......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 296
4.1 Analytical Procedures......Page 298
4.2 Subaerial Rocks......Page 299
4.3 Submarine Rocks......Page 301
5.3 Significance of Hyaloclastite S496-R6......Page 303
5.4 Transitional Basalt in Wailau Landslide......Page 304
6.4 Growth History Koolau Volcano......Page 305
REFERENCES......Page 308
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 310
2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND SAMPLEDESCRIPTIONS......Page 311
4.1. Major Element Composition......Page 315
4. 3. Trace Element Compositions......Page 316
4. 4. Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopes......Page 323
5. ENDMEMBER COMPONENTS OF KOOLAU SHIELD......Page 324
6. EVOLUTION OF KOOLAU MAGMATISM ANDMANTLE PLUME......Page 325
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 326
APPENDIX. TIMING OF NUUANU LANDSLIDE:CONSTRAINTS FROM THE TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITIONS OF PC2 GLASS......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 332
2.1. Data and Reconstruction Method......Page 333
2.2. Reconstruction of the East Molokai Volcano......Page 334
2.4. Reconstruction of Debris Deposits......Page 335
2.5. Volume Balance between the Slides and Debris Deposits......Page 336
3.1. Modeling Method......Page 337
3.2 Tsunamis from the Nuuanu Debris Avalanche......Page 338
3.3 Tsunamis from the Wailau Debris Avalanche......Page 339
4.1. Landslide Volume......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 344
Introduction to Section 4The Hawaiian Plume and Magma Genesis......Page 346
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 348
2. METHOD AND DATA......Page 349
3. SYNTHETIC TESTS AND RESULTS......Page 350
4-1. Origin of Plumes......Page 351
4.2. Deflection of Plume Conduits......Page 352
4-4- Excess Temperature of Plumes......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 362
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 364
2. LOCAL PATTERNS IN REGIONAL SURVEYS......Page 366
3. THE CONDUCTIVITY FACTOR......Page 367
4.1 Formulating the Model......Page 368
5. DISCUSSION......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 371
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 372
3. EXPERIMENTAL......Page 374
4.2 Noble Gas Isotopic Ratio......Page 375
5.5. Noble Gas Abundance Controlled by the EnvironmentalConditions of Samples......Page 380
5.3 Trapping Sites of Noble Gases in Hawaiian Rocks andMinerals......Page 381
5.4 Possible Cause of Variation and the Source of PristineNoble Gas Isotope Components in the Hawaiian Plume......Page 382
5.5 Systematic Variation of the 3 He/He During the Evolutionof Hawaiian Volcanoes......Page 384
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 389
2. SAMPLES AND PETROGRAPHY......Page 390
4.1 Olivine......Page 392
4.2 Spinel Compositions......Page 395
5.2 Origin of Olivine-rich Ko\'olau Lavas and Implicationsfor Parental Magma Composition......Page 396
5.3. Origin of Tuscaloosa and the Other Landslide BlockBased on Olivine Composition......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 398
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 400
2.1 Starting Material......Page 401
2.2 Experimental and Analytical Methods......Page 402
3.4 Degree of Partial Melting in CLG46......Page 403
3.5 Composition of Partial Melts......Page 405
4.1 Generation of Two Types of Primary Magmas in theHawaiian Plume......Page 408
4.2 Sharp Transition in the Growth History of KoolauVolcano and its Possible Origin......Page 409
4.3 Melting Process in the Hawaiian Plume......Page 411
4.4 Potential Temperature of the Hawaiian Plume......Page 412
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
Errata for Geophysical Monograph 128......Page 416