Hardrock tunnel boring machines

Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1 Historical Development and Future Challenges......Page 18
2 Basic Principles and Definitions......Page 32
2.1.1 Boring System......Page 33
2.1.2 Thrust and Clamping System......Page 34
2.1.4 Support System......Page 35
2.2.1.1 Gripper TBM......Page 37
2.2.1.2 Shielded TBM......Page 39
2.2.2 Tunnel Boring Machines for Partial Excavation......Page 40
3.1 The Boring Process......Page 42
3.2 The Cutter Head......Page 43
3.2.1 Shape of the Cutter Head......Page 44
3.2.2 Clearing the Muck in the Excavation Area......Page 46
3.2.3 Cutter Head Construction and Soil Consolidation......Page 48
3.3.1 General......Page 49
3.3.2 Working Method of Cutter Discs......Page 50
3.3.3 Cutter Spacing......Page 53
3.3.4 Penetration......Page 55
3.3.5 Wear......Page 58
3.3.6 Wear and Water......Page 65
3.3.7 Cutter Housing......Page 66
3.4.1 Types of Main Drive......Page 67
3.5 Advance Rate......Page 70
3.6 Special Types......Page 72
3.6.1 Reamer TBMs......Page 73
3.6.2 Bouygues System......Page 74
3.6.4.1 Mini-Fullfacer (Atlas Copco)......Page 75
3.6.4.2 Continuous Miner......Page 77
3.6.5 Shaft Sinking......Page 78
3.6.5.1 Raise Boring......Page 79
3.6.5.2 Blind Drilling......Page 81
3.6.5.3 Combinations......Page 82
4.2 Advance with Gripper Clamping......Page 84
4.3 Advance with a Shield TBM......Page 89
5.1 Material Transport at the Machine......Page 92
5.2.1 Rail Transport......Page 94
5.2.1.2 Muck Cars......Page 96
5.2.1.4 Train Timetable......Page 97
5.2.2 Trackless Operation......Page 98
5.2.2.3 Loading......Page 99
5.2.3 Conveyor Transport......Page 101
5.2.3.2 Conveyor Belt Extension and Belt Operation......Page 102
5.2.3.3 Advantages of Conveyor Transport and Innovation Potential......Page 104
6.1 Backup Concept......Page 106
6.2 Design Specifications......Page 110
7.1.2 Ventilation Schemes, Ventilation Systems......Page 116
7.2 Dust Removal......Page 117
7.3.1 General......Page 120
7.3.2.2 National Regulations......Page 121
7.3.3.1 The Safety Plan in the Environment of Management Plans......Page 123
7.3.3.3 Description of Dangers and Risk Analyses......Page 124
7.3.3.4 Action Plan......Page 126
7.3.4.1 Natural Gas Danger......Page 127
7.4 Vibration......Page 128
8.1 Investigation and Improvement of the Geological Conditions......Page 132
8.2.1 Anchor Drills......Page 134
8.2.3 Mesh Installation Equipment......Page 135
8.3.1 Steering the Gripper TBM with Single Bracing......Page 136
8.3.3 Steering a Single Shield TBM......Page 139
8.3.4 Steering a Double Shield TBM......Page 142
8.4 Surveying......Page 143
8.4.2 Forward Calculation of the TBM Route......Page 144
9.1 General......Page 146
9.2 Support Systems and Advance Rates......Page 147
9.3.1 Steel Arch Support......Page 150
9.3.2 Liner Plates......Page 153
9.3.3.2 Segmental Lining......Page 154
9.4.1 Shotcrete Support at the Machine......Page 159
9.4.2 Shotcrete Support in the Backup Area......Page 160
9.5.1 Anchors and Mesh......Page 161
9.5.2 Arch Support......Page 162
9.6 Stabilisation Ahead of the Cutter Head......Page 163
10.1 Roof Shields......Page 166
10.2 Roof Shield and Side Steering Shoes and Cutter Head Shields......Page 169
10.3 Walking Blade Gripper TBM......Page 170
10.4.1 Developments......Page 172
10.4.2 Special Characteristics......Page 173
10.4.2.2 Thrust Ring......Page 174
10.5.2 Functional Principle......Page 176
10.5.3.1 Shield and Bentonite Lubrication......Page 177
10.5.3.2 Telescopic Shield......Page 178
10.6.2 Working Principle......Page 180
10.7.2 Working Principle......Page 182
10.7.3.2 Closed Mode (Screw Conveyor – Conveyor Belt)......Page 184
10.7.3.3 Closed Mode (Slurry Circuit)......Page 185
10.7.3.4 EPB Mode (Screw Conveyor – Conveyor Belt or Screw Conveyor/Slurry Pump)......Page 186
10.7.3.5 Open Mode (Conveyor Belt)......Page 187
10.8.1 Mini TBM......Page 189
10.8.2.2 Shield Pipe Jacking......Page 191
11.1 Scope of Application......Page 194
11.2.1 Probe Headings......Page 195
11.2.2 Pilot Headings......Page 197
11.2.3 Enlargement for Stations, Points or Machine Halls......Page 198
11.3.1 Piora-Mulde Probe Heading......Page 200
11.3.2 Kandertal Probe Heading......Page 201
11.3.3 Uznaberg Pilot Heading......Page 205
11.3.4 Enlargement at the Connecting Structure at Nidelbad Zürich–Thalwil Tunnel......Page 207
12.1 General......Page 212
12.2 Influences on the Boring Process......Page 216
12.3 Influences on the Machine Clamping......Page 219
12.4 Influences on the Rock Support......Page 222
13.1 General and Objectives for Mechanised Tunnelling......Page 224
13.2.1.1 RMR System (Rock Mass Rating System)......Page 225
13.2.1.2 Q System (Quality System)......Page 228
13.2.2 Classification According to Cuttability and Abrasiveness......Page 237
13.2.3 Classification According to Type, Extent and Location of the Support Work Required......Page 239
13.3.1 Classification in Germany......Page 240
13.3.2 Classification in Austria......Page 245
13.3.3 Classification in Switzerland......Page 251
13.4 Classification Suggestion by the Authors......Page 256
14.1.1.1 General......Page 260
14.1.1.2 Tender Evaluation......Page 261
14.1.1.3 Quality Management......Page 262
14.1.1.4 Assignment of Risks in the Contract......Page 263
14.1.2.1 Tendering and Negotiation Procedure with the Botlek Tunnel as an Example......Page 266
14.1.3 Procedure in Germany......Page 269
14.2.2.1 Adler Tunnel......Page 270
14.2.2.2 Sieberg Tunnel......Page 271
14.2.2.3 Stuttgart Airport Tunnel......Page 272
14.2.2.4 Rennsteig Tunnel......Page 274
14.2.2.5 Lainz Tunnel......Page 275
14.2.3 Additional Requirements for Mechanised Tunnelling Concept in the Tender Documents......Page 277
14.2.3.2 Design and Construction Process......Page 278
14.2.4.1 Design Phase and Preparation for Tendering......Page 279
14.2.5 Forecast......Page 280
15.2.1 Single-Shell and Double-Shell Construction......Page 282
15.2.2 Watertight and Water-Draining Forms of Construction......Page 284
15.3.1 General......Page 286
15.3.2.1 Block Segments with Right-Angled Plan......Page 288
15.3.2.2 Hexagonal or Honeycomb Segments......Page 291
15.3.2.3 Rhomboidal and Trapezoidal Segment Systems......Page 292
15.3.2.4 Expanding Segments......Page 293
15.3.2.5 Yielding Lining Systems......Page 294
15.3.3.1 Longitudinal Joints......Page 299
15.3.3.2 Ring Joints......Page 303
15.3.4 Steel Fibre Concrete Segments......Page 306
15.3.5.1 Filling with Gravel......Page 307
15.3.6 Measures for Waterproofing Tunnels with Segment Linings......Page 308
15.3.6.1 Sealing Bands......Page 309
15.3.6.2 Injecting......Page 311
15.3.7 Segment Production......Page 312
15.3.8 Damages......Page 313
15.3.8.2 Damage During Excavation......Page 314
15.3.8.4 Damage after Leaving the Shield......Page 315
15.4.1 General......Page 316
15.4.3 Manufacture......Page 317
15.5 Shotcrete Layers as the Final Lining......Page 318
15.6 Structural Investigations......Page 319
16.1.1 Control and Drainage Tunnel, Ennepe Reservoir......Page 320
16.1.2 Manapouri Underwater Tunnel, New Zealand......Page 322
16.2.1 San Pellegrino Tunnel, Italy......Page 330
16.2.2 Zürich–Thalwil Twin-Track Tunnel, Section Brunau–Thalwil......Page 334
16.3.1 Cleuson–Dixence Pressure Shaft......Page 338
References......Page 344
Index......Page 354