Hands-on electronics

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 13
Tables......Page 17
About the authors......Page 18
To the Reader......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Introduction......Page 21
1.1 Multimeter......Page 25
1.2 Breadboard......Page 26
1.2.1 Measuring voltage......Page 28
1.2.2 Measuring current; resistance and Ohm’s law......Page 29
1.3 Oscilloscope......Page 32
1.3.1 Probes and probe test......Page 34
1.3.3 Vertical controls......Page 35
1.3.5 Tiggering......Page 36
1.3.6 Additional features......Page 37
2.1 Review of capacitors......Page 39
2.1.1 Use of capacitors; review of AC circuits......Page 41
2.1.2 Types and values of capacitors......Page 43
2.2 Review of current, voltage, and power......Page 44
2.2.1 Destructive demonstration of resistor power rating......Page 45
2.3 Potentiometer as voltage divider......Page 46
2.3.2 AC voltage divider......Page 47
2.5 RC circuit as integrator......Page 48
2.6 Low-pass filter......Page 49
2.7 RC circuit as differentiator......Page 51
2.9 Summary of high-and low-pass filters......Page 52
3.1 Semiconductor basics......Page 55
Some useful approximations......Page 58
3.2 Types of diodes......Page 59
3.3 Rectification......Page 60
3.4 Diode action – a more sophisticated view......Page 61
3.5 Measuring the diode characteristic......Page 62
3.6 Exploring rectification......Page 64
3.7 Input and output impedance......Page 69
4.1 Bipolar-junction-transistor basics......Page 71
4.1.1 Basic definitions......Page 74
4.1.2 Simplest way to analyze transistor circuits......Page 75
Dynamic resistance of emitter......Page 76
Some useful approximations......Page 77
4.2.1 Checking transistors with a meter......Page 78
4.2.2 Emitter follower......Page 79
4.2.3 Common-emitter amplifier......Page 81
4.2.4 Collector as current source......Page 83
4.2.5 Tansistor switch......Page 84
4.3.1 Darlington connection......Page 85
4.3.2 Push–pull driver......Page 86
4.3.3 Common-base amplifier......Page 87
5.1 Field-effect transistors......Page 89
5.1.1 FET characteristics......Page 90
5.1.2 Modeling FET action......Page 92
5.2.1 FET characteristics......Page 93
5.2.2 FET current source......Page 94
5.2.3 Source follower......Page 95
5.2.4 JFET amplifier......Page 97
6.1 Differential amplifier......Page 99
6.1.2 Expected differential gain......Page 100
6.1.3 Measuring the differential gain......Page 101
6.1.5 Common-mode gain......Page 102
6.2.1 Current mirror......Page 103
6.2.2 Differential amplifier with current-source loads......Page 104
6.2.4 Wilson current mirror......Page 106
7.1 The 741 operational amplifier......Page 109
7.1.1 741 pinout and power connections......Page 110
7.1.2 An ideal op amp......Page 111
7.1.3 Gain of inverting and noninverting amplifiers......Page 112
Slew rate......Page 114
7.2.1 Testing open-loop gain......Page 115
7.2.2 Inverting amplifier......Page 116
7.2.3 Noninverting amplifier......Page 117
7.2.4 Voltage follower......Page 118
7.2.5 Difference amplifier......Page 119
7.3.1 Current source......Page 121
7.3.2 Noninverting summing amp with difference amplifier......Page 122
8.1 Op amp signal processing......Page 125
8.1.1 Differentiator......Page 126
8.1.2 Integrator......Page 127
8.1.3 Logarithmic and exponential amplifiers......Page 129
Differentiator......Page 130
Integrator......Page 131
8.2.3 Op amp active rectifier......Page 132
8.2.4 Op amp with push–pull power driver......Page 133
8.3 Additional exercises......Page 135
9.1.1 Op amp as comparator......Page 137
9.1.2 Unintentional feedback: oscillation......Page 139
9.1.3 Intentional positive feedback: Schmitt trigger......Page 140
9.1.4 RC relaxation oscillator......Page 141
9.1.5 555 timer IC......Page 142
9.2.1 Alarm!......Page 145
9.2.2 Sine/cosine oscillator......Page 146
9.2.3 Active bandpass filter......Page 147
10.1 Digital logic basics......Page 149
10.1.1 Logic levels......Page 150
10.1.2 Logic families and history......Page 151
Pinouts and data sheets......Page 152
10.1.3 Logic gates......Page 153
10.1.4 Summary of Boolean algebra......Page 154
10.2.1 Diode logic......Page 155
10.2.2 T ansistor–transistor logic (TTL)......Page 156
10.2.3 Complementary MOSFET logic (CMOS)......Page 157
10.2.4 Powering TTL and TTL-compatible integrated circuits......Page 160
10.3.1 LED logic indicators and level switches......Page 161
10.3.2 MOSFETs......Page 162
10.3.4 Using NANDs to implement other logic functions......Page 164
10.3.5 TTL quad XOR gate......Page 165
10.4.1 7485 4-bit magnitude comparator......Page 166
Apparatus required......Page 167
11.1.4 Timing diagrams......Page 168
11.2.1 Simple RS latch......Page 169
Note on assertion-level logic notation......Page 170
11.2.2 D-type flip-flop......Page 171
11.3 JK flip-flop......Page 172
11.4 Tri-state outputs......Page 173
Ripple counter......Page 175
11.5.2 Contact bounce......Page 176
11.5.3 Electronic coin toss......Page 177
Note......Page 179
12.2 Counters......Page 180
12.3.1 Bi-quinary ripple counter......Page 181
TIL311 numeric display......Page 182
12.3.2 Monostable multivibrator......Page 183
Note on gating clocks......Page 185
12.3.4 RAM......Page 186
Open-collector outputs......Page 188
Apparatus required......Page 191
13.1 A simple D/A converter fabricated from familiar chips......Page 192
13.2 Tacking ADC......Page 194
13.3.1 Successive-approximation ADC......Page 195
ADC080x......Page 196
The DAC080x D/A converters......Page 198
Measuringan AC input signal......Page 200
13.4.1 Digital recording......Page 201
Timingand control logic......Page 202
Complete ADC circuit......Page 203
Simpler version of control logic......Page 205
Further reading......Page 207
Analog components......Page 209
Digital components......Page 210
Suppliers of parts......Page 211
Electrical terms......Page 212
Electrical devices......Page 213
Appendix C RC circuits: frequency-domain analysis......Page 215
Appendix D Pinouts......Page 218
Glossary of basic electrical and electronic terms......Page 221
Index......Page 223