Handbook on Hospital Planning & Designing: For Medical Administrators, Architects, Planners and Students

Preface
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Phases of Planning and Designing
	Further Reading
Section I: Planning
Chapter 2: Inception of the Idea
	Further Reading
Chapter 3: Factors Assessing Feasibility of the Hospital
	3.1 Several Key Factors Need to Be Analyzed During the Planning Phase
		3.1.1 Demographics
		3.1.2 Understanding the Type of Diseases
		3.1.3 Community
		3.1.4 Healthcare Systems and Hospitals Network
		3.1.5 Innovations in Facility Planning and Management
		3.1.6 Speciality Facilities and Departments
		3.1.7 Medical Tourism
		3.1.8 Health Insurance and Empanelment
		3.1.9 Catchment Area
	Further Reading
Chapter 4: Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) and Techno-Commercial Feasibility Report (TCFR)
	4.1 Information to Be Generally Provided in DPR
	4.2 Documents DPR Should Contain
	4.3 General Contents of DPR
	4.4 Evaluation of DPR
	Further Reading
Chapter 5: Site Selection
	5.1 Size of the Land Rquired for Hospital
	5.2 Assessment of the Covered Area Required for Hospital
		5.2.1 Total FAR Allowed
		5.2.2 Set Back Area
		5.2.3 Maximum Permissible Land Coverage
		5.2.4 Maximum Permissible Height of Building
	5.3 Some of the Other Factors to Be Considered While Finalising the Land Are
		5.3.1 Approach to the Site
		5.3.2 Location of the Land
		5.3.3 Availability of Transportation
		5.3.4 Security
		5.3.5 Availability of Utilities
		5.3.6 Road Network in the Area
		5.3.7 Environmental Pollution
		5.3.8 Wind and Earthquake
		5.3.9 Flood Protection
	Further Reading
Chapter 6: General Issues to Be Considered While Designing Hospital Building
	6.1 Importance of Hospital Planning and Designing
	6.2 Various General Issues Relating to the Hospital Designing
		6.2.1 Flexibility and Expandability
		6.2.2 Patient-Focused Design
		6.2.3 Design for Employee Productivity
		6.2.4 Accessibility to the Patient
		6.2.5 Security and Safety
		6.2.6 Sustainability of Resources
		6.2.7 Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness
		6.2.8 Adaptation of Technological Advancements
		6.2.9 Stress and Fear of Patients and Visitors
		6.2.10 Quality Care of Patients
		6.2.11 Therapeutic Environment
		6.2.12 Cleanliness and Sanitation
		6.2.13 Noise Reduction
		6.2.14 Minimizing Operative, Postoperative, and Hospital-Acquired Infections
		6.2.15 Automation Wherever Possible
		6.2.16 Environmental Pollution Control
		6.2.17 Internal Road
		6.2.18 Wind, Earthquake-Resistant and Flood Protection
		6.2.19 Nature Plus Artwork
		6.2.20 Colours to be Used
		6.2.21 Choice of Building Materials
		6.2.22 Flooring
	Further Reading
Chapter 7: Area Requirement & Planning
	7.1 Functional Areas
	7.2 Room and Space Requirement
	7.3 Sizes of the Rooms
	7.4 Zoning
	7.5 Placement of Zones in the Building
	Further Reading
Chapter 8: Detailed Engineering Drawings
	8.1 Schematic Design
	8.2 Site Plan
	8.3 Concept Drawings
	8.4 Floor Plan Drawings
	8.5 Cross Section Drawings
	8.6 Elevation Drawings
	8.7 Landscape Drawings
	8.8 Finishing Drawing
	8.9 Working Plan Drawings
	8.10 Section Drawings
	8.11 Structural Drawings
	8.12 Column Layout Drawings
	8.13 Plinth Beam Layout Drawings
	8.14 Lintel Beam Layout Drawings
	8.15 Roof Beam and Shuttering Layout Drawings
	8.16 General Note
	8.17 Excavation Drawings
	8.18 Electrical Drawings
	8.19 Plumbing Drawings
	8.20 Fire Fighting and Detection Drawings
	8.21 Shop Drawings
	8.22 Furniture Layout Drawings
	8.23 Furniture Design Drawings
	8.24 Hospital Signage Drawings
	8.25 As-Built Drawings
	8.26 PERT Charts
	Further Reading
Chapter 9: Preparation of Construction Documents
	9.1 Definition of Construction Documents
	9.2 Contents of Construction Document
		9.2.1 General Information About the Hospital Project
		9.2.2 Construction Contract Agreement
		9.2.3 Scope of Work (SOW)
		9.2.4 Construction Schedule
		9.2.5 General Conditions
		9.2.6 Special Conditions
		9.2.7 Specifications
		9.2.8 Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
		9.2.9 Cost Estimate
		9.2.10 Drawings
		9.2.11 Other Documents
	Further Reading
Section II: Design & Development
Chapter 10: Design of the Main Entrance Gate to the Hospital
	10.1 Main Entrance Gate
	Further Reading
Chapter 11: Designing of the Entrance Lobby of the Hospital
	11.1 Location of the Entrance Lobby
		11.1.1 The Infrastructure of the Entrance Lobby
	11.2 Services in the Lobby
	11.3 Reception and Enquiry Counter
	11.4 Help Desk, Registration, and Admission and Discharge Counters
	11.5 Cash Counter
	11.6 Cafeteria
	11.7 Pharmacy
	11.8 Other Services in the Entrance Lobby
	11.9 Public Utility for Patients/Visitors
	11.10 Prayer Room/Meditation Spaces
	11.11 Self-Service Kiosks
	11.12 Interiors of the Entrance Lobby
	11.13 Entrance Gates to the Lobby
	11.14 Signage and Wayfinding in the Lobby
	11.15 Acrylic or Glass Partitions
	11.16 General Issues Related to the Entrance Lobby
	11.17 Outside Entrance Lobby
		11.17.1 Screening Areas
		11.17.2 Hand Wash/Sanitizer Stations
		11.17.3 Face Masks/Shoe Covers Dispensers
	11.18 Reduction of People Landing in the Entrance Lobby
	Further Reading
Chapter 12: Emergency Services
	12.1 Location of Emergency Department
	12.2 Size of the Emergency Department
	12.3 Areas Required for Emergency Department
	12.4 The Entrance of the Emergency Department
		12.4.1 Main Gate
		12.4.2 Entrance Door to the Emergency Department
		12.4.3 Outside Entrance Lobby
		12.4.4 Screening Areas
		12.4.5 Hand Wash/Sanitizer Stations and Face Mask Dispenser
		12.4.6 Decontamination Area
		12.4.7 General Waiting
		12.4.8 Ambulance Control
	12.5 Reception
	12.6 Triage and Patient Handling Zone with Resuscitation
		12.6.1 Location of Triage
		12.6.2 Size of Triage
		12.6.3 Infrastructure of Triage
		12.6.4 Bed Layout in Triage
		12.6.5 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Triage
		12.6.6 Doors and Windows
		12.6.7 Hand Washing
		12.6.8 Central Medical Gas Supply
		12.6.9 Electrical Points in Triage
		12.6.10 Other Communication Points in Triage
		12.6.11 Curtain Partitions
		12.6.12 Triage Nurses Duty Rooms in Triage
	12.7 Patient Handling Zone with Resuscitation
		12.7.1 Location of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.2 Categories of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.3 Size of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.4 Infrastructure of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.5 Bed Layout in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.6 Isolation Room/Units/Area in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.7 Resuscitation Rooms in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.8 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.9 Doors and Windows of Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.10 Hand Washing in Patient Handling Zone
		12.7.11 Central Medical Supply in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.12 Electrical Points in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.13 Other Communication Points in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.14 Curtain Partitions in Patient Resuscitation and Handling Zones
		12.7.15 Emergency Physician (EP)/Emergency Medical Officer (EMO) Duty Room
	12.8 Treatment/Procedure Room/Minor Operation Theatre
		12.8.1 Patient Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Minor OT
		12.8.2 Doors and Windows
		12.8.3 Hand Washing
		12.8.4 Central Medical Gas Supply
		12.8.5 Electrical Points in Minor OT
	12.9 Procedure and Diagnostic Setup
	12.10 Emergency Operation Theatre Complex
	12.11 Day Care Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.1 Location of Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.2 Size of Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.3 Issues Related to the Infrastructure of Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.4 Bed Layout in Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.5 Isolation Room in the Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.6 Patient Furniture/Office Furniture/Equipment/Tools and Instruments in Emergency/Observation Ward
		12.11.7 Doors and Windows
		12.11.8 Hand Washing
		12.11.9 Central Medical Gas Supply
		12.11.10 Electrical Points in Observation Ward
		12.11.11 Other Communication Points in Observation Ward
		12.11.12 Curtain Partitions
	12.12 Other Issues Relating to Emergency Department
	12.13 Disaster Plan
		12.13.1 Factors for Disaster Plan
	Further Reading
Chapter 13: Outpatient Department
	13.1 Location of the OPD
	13.2 Schemes of the Layout of the OPD
		13.2.1 Single Corridor OPD
		13.2.2 Double Corridor OPD
		13.2.3 Clustered OPD Block
	13.3 Infrastructure Requirements in the OPD
	13.4 Reception & Enquiry Counter
	13.5 Registration Counter
	13.6 Waiting Lobby/Hall
	13.7 Examination Rooms
	13.8 Procedure/Treatment Rooms
	13.9 Support Rooms
	13.10 General Issue While Designing the OPD
	13.11 Number of OPDs Required
	13.12 Consultation Room
		13.12.1 Size of the OPD Room
		13.12.2 Doors and Windows
		13.12.3 Hand Washing
		13.12.4 Furniture
		13.12.5 Instruments and Equipment
		13.12.6 Electrical Points and Communication Ports in the Consultation Room
		13.12.7 Curtain Partitions
	13.13 Procedure/Treatment Room
		13.13.1 Size of the Procedure/Treatment Room
		13.13.2 Doors and Windows
		13.13.3 Hand Washing
		13.13.4 Furniture
		13.13.5 Instruments and Equipment
		13.13.6 Electrical Points and Communication Ports in Procedure/Treatment Room
	Further Reading
Chapter 14: Intensive Care Units
	14.1 Types of ICUs
	14.2 Number of Beds in a Single Unit of ICU
	14.3 Location of Intensive Care Units
	14.4 Infrastructure of ICU
	14.5 Size of the ICU
	14.6 Sizing Considerations
	14.7 Patient Care Zone
		14.7.1 Bed Layout in ICU Hall
		14.7.2 Isolation Room/Units/Area in ICU
		14.7.3 Furniture in ICU
		14.7.4 Equipment
		14.7.5 Tools & Instruments
		14.7.6 Doors and Windows
		14.7.7 Nursing Station
		14.7.8 Hand Washing
		14.7.9 Toilets
		14.7.10 Air Conditioning System of ICUs
		14.7.11 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply
		14.7.12 Electrical Points in ICU
		14.7.13 Other Communication Points in ICU
		14.7.14 Curtain Partitions
	14.8 Procedure & Treatment Room
		14.8.1 Location of Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.2 Size of Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.3 Issues Related to the Infrastructure of the Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.4 Furniture in Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.5 Equipment
		14.8.6 Tools & Instruments
		14.8.7 Doors and Windows
		14.8.8 Hand Washing
		14.8.9 Central Medical Gas Supply
		14.8.10 Electrical Points in Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.11 Other Communication Points in Treatment/Procedure Room
		14.8.12 Other Issues on Patient Care Zone & Procedure/Treatment Room
		14.8.13 Lighting in the ICU
		14.8.14 Dialysis Equipment
		14.8.15 Power Backup
	14.9 Clinical Support Zone
		14.9.1 Rigorous Monitoring
		14.9.2 Radiology
		14.9.3 Laboratory
		14.9.4 Medication Rooms
		14.9.5 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS)
		14.9.6 Clean Utility
		14.9.7 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room
		14.9.8 Equipment Park/Store
		14.9.9 Emergency Eyewash Station
	14.10 Unit Support Zone
		14.10.1 Change Room: Male/Female in ICU
		14.10.2 Doctors’ Duty Rooms in ICU
		14.10.3 Nurse’s Night Duty Rooms in ICU
		14.10.4 Night Duty Room for On-Call Junior Doctors
		14.10.5 Ward Pantry
		14.10.6 Staff Lounge
	14.11 Family Support Zone
		14.11.1 Family Lounge
		14.11.2 Consultation Rooms
		14.11.3 Meditation Spaces
		14.11.4 Family Cafeteria
		14.11.5 Family Sleep Rooms
		14.11.6 Family Laundry
	14.12 Specialized Intensive Care Units
		14.12.1 Intensive Coronary Care Unit
		14.12.2 Respiratory Care Intensive Care Unit
		14.12.3 Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit
		14.12.4 Burns Unit
		14.12.5 Geriatric Intensive Care Unit
		14.12.6 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
			14.12.6.1 Location of NICU
			14.12.6.2 The Infrastructure of the NICU
			14.12.6.3 Placement of Warmers
			14.12.6.4 Equipment of NICU
	14.13 Common Design Considerations
		14.13.1 Signage and Way-Finding
		14.13.2 Security and Access Control
		14.13.3 Patient Safety Technology
		14.13.4 Communications
		14.13.5 Storage
		14.13.6 Relationships with Other Departments
		14.13.7 Central Nursing Station
		14.13.8 Patient Records
		14.13.9 X-Ray Viewing Area
		14.13.10 Reception Area
		14.13.11 Administrative Offices
	Further Reading
Chapter 15: Operation Theatre Suite
	15.1 Location of Operating Theatre (O.T.) Complex
	15.2 Zones in O.T. Complex
		15.2.1 Unsterile Zone
		15.2.2 Protective Zone
		15.2.3 Clean Zone
		15.2.4 Sterile Zone
	15.3 Infrastructure of O.T. Complex
	15.4 Unsterile Zone
		15.4.1 Administrative Area
		15.4.2 Operation Theatre In-Charge or Manager
		15.4.3 Room for Head of Anaesthesia
		15.4.4 Surgeons Room for Office Work
		15.4.5 Trolley Bay
		15.4.6 Frozen Section Biopsy Laboratory
		15.4.7 Shoe Change Area
		15.4.8 Entry Door for Changing Room
		15.4.9 Waiting Area for Attendants
		15.4.10 Public Utility for Attendants
		15.4.11 Linen Pre-Wash Room
		15.4.12 Instrument Wash Room
	15.5 Protective Zone
		15.5.1 Changing Rooms
		15.5.2 Entry Gate of Pre-Operative Ward
		15.5.3 Unsterile Store for Equipment Storage
		15.5.4 Store for Medicines, Consumables and Disposables
		15.5.5 Pantry
	15.6 Clean Zone
		15.6.1 Pre-Operative Room
		15.6.2 Preparation Room
		15.6.3 Surgeons Rest Room
		15.6.4 Restroom for Staff – Males & Females
		15.6.5 Exit Doors of All Change Rooms
		15.6.6 Pre Anaesthetic Check-Up Room (PAC)
		15.6.7 Dirty Utility
		15.6.8 Post-Operative Recovery Ward
	15.7 Sterile Zone
		15.7.1 Clean Supply Room
		15.7.2 Instrument Trolley Layup
		15.7.3 Scrub Station
		15.7.4 Sterilization Room
		15.7.5 Operating Theatres/Rooms (OR)
		15.7.6 Number of OR
		15.7.7 Location and Layout of the OR’s
		15.7.8 Types of Operating Rooms
	15.8 Simple Room OR
	15.9 Pre-Fabricated Modular OR
		15.9.1 Size of the OR
		15.9.2 Walls of the OR
		15.9.3 Ceiling of the OR
		15.9.4 Corners of OR
		15.9.5 Door of the OR
		15.9.6 Window in OR
		15.9.7 Control Panel
		15.9.8 View Box
		15.9.9 Writing Board
		15.9.10 Pressure Relief Damper (PRD)
		15.9.11 Peripheral Lights
		15.9.12 Plenum
		15.9.13 Plenum Lights
		15.9.14 Pass-Through Windows/Hatch Boxes
		15.9.15 Electrical Points
		15.9.16 Anaesthetist Pendant
		15.9.17 Surgeon Pendant
		15.9.18 Flooring
		15.9.19 Painting
		15.9.20 Air Conditioning & Environment of OR’s
		15.9.21 Supply Air Ducts
		15.9.22 Return Air
		15.9.23 Special Air Requirements for OR
		15.9.24 Other Communication Points in OR
		15.9.25 Equipment in OR
		15.9.26 Furniture OR
	15.10 Septic Operation Theatre
	15.11 Endoscopy Suite
		15.11.1 Endoscopy Room
		15.11.2 Endoscope Washroom
		15.11.3 Store
		15.11.4 Change Room
		15.11.5 Recovery Room
		15.11.6 Consultation Room
	15.12 Semi-Modular OR
	15.13 Modular OR
	15.14 Hybrid OR
	Further Reading
Chapter 16: Delivery Room/Labor Room
	16.1 Location of LDR Complex
	16.2 Zones in LDR Complex
		16.2.1 Unsterile Zone
		16.2.2 Protective Zone
		16.2.3 Delivery Zone
	16.3 Infrastructure of LDR Complex
	16.4 Unsterile Zone
		16.4.1 Administrative Area
		16.4.2 Labor Room In-Charge
		16.4.3 Gynaecologist Room for Office Work
		16.4.4 Trolley Bay
		16.4.5 Shoe Change Area
		16.4.6 Entry Door for Changing Room
		16.4.7 Waiting Area for Attendants
		16.4.8 Public Utility for Attendants
		16.4.9 Linen Pre-Wash Room
		16.4.10 Instrument Wash Room
	16.5 Protective Zone
		16.5.1 Changing Rooms
		16.5.2 Store for Equipment, Medicines, Consumables and Disposables
		16.5.3 Pre-Labor Room/Ward
		16.5.4 Eclampsia Room
		16.5.5 Examination/Preparation Room
		16.5.6 Surgeons Rest Room
		16.5.7 Dirty Utility
		16.5.8 Post-Labour Recovery Ward
		16.5.9 Doctors’ Night Duty Rooms
	16.6 Delivery Zone
		16.6.1 Clean Supply Room
		16.6.2 Instrument Trolley Layup
		16.6.3 Scrub Station
		16.6.4 Sterilization Room
		16.6.5 Delivery Rooms
			16.6.5.1 Number of Delivery Rooms
		16.6.6 Location and Layout of the Delivery Rooms
		16.6.7 Types of Delivery Rooms
		16.6.8 Equipment in Delivery Rooms
		16.6.9 Furniture Delivery Rooms
		16.6.10 Other Issues Relating to the Delivery Room
		16.6.11 Septic Delivery Room
	16.7 Baby Resuscitation Area
	16.8 Other Important Issues to Be Considered While Designing LDR
		16.8.1 Labor Table Specifications
		16.8.2 Shifting Baby to NICU
		16.8.3 Access to the Operating Room
		16.8.4 Electronic Tagging for Newborn Safety
	Further Reading
Chapter 17: Intermediate Care Area (Patient Rooms)
	17.1 Provide Amenities and Comfort for the Family
		17.1.1 Family Lounge
		17.1.2 Consultation Rooms
		17.1.3 Meditation Spaces
		17.1.4 Family Cafeteria
		17.1.5 Family Sleep Rooms
		17.1.6 Family Laundry
	17.2 Increase Staff Efficiency
	17.3 Patient Room Furnishings
		17.3.1 Room Decor
		17.3.2 Lighting in the Patient Room
		17.3.3 Ceiling Finishes
	17.4 Types of Patient Rooms in the Hospital
		17.4.1 Single Bed Occupancy
		17.4.2 Sharing Rooms
		17.4.3 General Wards
		17.4.4 Isolation Ward/Rooms
	17.5 Infrastructure Details of the Indoor Patient Units-
	17.6 Location of the Indoor Patient Areas
	17.7 Zoning of the Isolation Areas
	17.8 Single Patient Room (Private Room)
		17.8.1 Room Layout
		17.8.2 Size of the Room
		17.8.3 Walls
			17.8.3.1 Headwall
			17.8.3.2 Footwall
		17.8.4 Doors
		17.8.5 Windows
		17.8.6 Toilets
		17.8.7 Bed Layout in Patient Room
		17.8.8 Furniture and Instruments in the Patient Room
			17.8.8.1 Patient Furniture
			17.8.8.2 Other Furniture
			17.8.8.3 Equipment
			17.8.8.4 Tools and Instruments
		17.8.9 Air Conditioning System of Patient Rooms
		17.8.10 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply
		17.8.11 Electrical Points in Patient Room
		17.8.12 Other Communication Points in the Patient Room
		17.8.13 Curtain Partitions
		17.8.14 IV Track
		17.8.15 Psychiatric Patient Rooms
	17.9 Deluxe Single Patient Room (Deluxe Room)
	17.10 Family Suite with Single Patient Room (Suite Room)
		17.10.1 Patient Room of the Suite
		17.10.2 Family Room of the Suite
	17.11 Sharing Patient Room (Semi-Private Room)
		17.11.1 Room Layout
		17.11.2 Size of the Semi-Private Sharing Room
		17.11.3 Doors and Windows
		17.11.4 Toilets
		17.11.5 Bed Layout in Patient Room
		17.11.6 Furniture and Instruments in Patient Room
			17.11.6.1 Patient Furniture
			17.11.6.2 Other Furniture
			17.11.6.3 Equipment
		17.11.7 Air Conditioning and Other Services
	17.12 General Ward (Multiple Beds Room)
		17.12.1 Location of the Multiple Bed Wards
		17.12.2 Room Layout
		17.12.3 Number of Beds in the Multiple Bed Ward
		17.12.4 Size of the Multiple Bed Ward
		17.12.5 Doors and Windows
		17.12.6 Toilets
		17.12.7 Bed Layout in Ward
		17.12.8 Furniture and Instruments in Patient Room
			17.12.8.1 Patient Furniture
			17.12.8.2 Other Furniture
		17.12.9 Air Conditioning System of Patient Rooms
		17.12.10 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply
		17.12.11 Electrical Points in the Ward
		17.12.12 Other Communication Points in Ward
		17.12.13 Curtain Partitions
	17.13 Isolation Rooms/Wards
		17.13.1 Isolation in ICU
		17.13.2 Single-Bed Isolation Rooms
		17.13.3 Air and Pressure Monitoring System for Isolation Rooms
		17.13.4 Pressurization of the Isolation Rooms
		17.13.5 Air Conditioning of the Isolation Wards/Units
			17.13.5.1 Supporting Room/Units for Indoor Patient Service
	17.14 Nursing Station
		17.14.1 Hand Washing
		17.14.2 Alcohol Gel/Sanitizer Dispensers
	17.15 Nurses Duty Rooms
	17.16 Doctors Duty Rooms
	17.17 Procedure and Treatment Room
		17.17.1 Furniture in Treatment/Procedure Room
			17.17.1.1 Patient Furniture
			17.17.1.2 Equipment
			17.17.1.3 Tools and Instruments
		17.17.2 Doors and Windows
		17.17.3 Hand Washing
		17.17.4 Central Medical Gas Supply
		17.17.5 Electrical Points in Treatment/Procedure Room
		17.17.6 Other Communication Points in Treatment/Procedure Room
	17.18 Clean Utility
	17.19 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room
	17.20 Store for Medicines, Consumables and Disposables
	17.21 Medication Areas
	17.22 Equipment Park/Store
	17.23 Trolley Park Area
	17.24 Ward Pantry
	Further Reading
Chapter 18: Radiology
	18.1 Location of the Radiology Department
	18.2 Infrastructure of Centralized Radiology Department
	18.3 Utility Area
		18.3.1 Reception and Enquiry
		18.3.2 Registration and Cash Counter
		18.3.3 Waiting Lobby
		18.3.4 Reporting Room
		18.3.5 Stores for Unused Consumables and Films
		18.3.6 Stores for Used Films and General Items
		18.3.7 Report Delivery Counter
	18.4 X-Ray Zone
		18.4.1 Radiography Rooms
	18.5 UltraSound Zone
		18.5.1 Ultrasound Room
		18.5.2 Change Rooms
		18.5.3 Toilets
		18.5.4 Sub Waiting for Ultrasound
	18.6 CT Scan Zone
		18.6.1 CT Scan Machine Room
		18.6.2 CT Control Room
		18.6.3 UPS Room
		18.6.4 CT Panel Room
		18.6.5 Change Rooms
		18.6.6 Sub Waiting for CT Scan
	18.7 MRI Zone
		18.7.1 MRI Machine Room
		18.7.2 MRI Control Room
		18.7.3 UPS Room
		18.7.4 MRI Panel Room
		18.7.5 Chiller
		18.7.6 Change Rooms
		18.7.7 Sub Waiting for MRI
	18.8 Mammography Zone
		18.8.1 Mammography Rooms
		18.8.2 Change Rooms
		18.8.3 Computerised Radiography (CR) Room
		18.8.4 Sub Waiting for Mammography
	18.9 DEXA Scan Zone
		18.9.1 DEXA Scan Machine Room
		18.9.2 Sub Waiting for DEXA Scan
	18.10 PET CT/MRI Zone
		18.10.1 Location of the Zone in the Hospital
		18.10.2 PET CT Scan Machine Room
		18.10.3 PET MRI Machine Room
		18.10.4 Other Attached Areas
		18.10.5 SPECT CT Machine Room
		18.10.6 Operating Console Rooms
		18.10.7 Low-Risk Areas or Cold Areas
			18.10.7.1 Reception
			18.10.7.2 Sub Waiting Room
			18.10.7.3 Physicians Consulting Room
			18.10.7.4 Store
			18.10.7.5 Technologist Room
		18.10.8 High-Risk Areas or Radiation Exposure Hot Areas
			18.10.8.1 Hot Lab Cum Radiopharmacy Room
			18.10.8.2 Injection Room
			18.10.8.3 Post-Dose Waiting Area
		18.10.9 Toilet
		18.10.10 Control and Scanning Room
		18.10.11 Post-Examination Waiting Room
		18.10.12 Waste Disposal Room
	Further Reading
Chapter 19: Clinical Laboratories
	19.1 Infrastructure of Clinical Lab
		19.1.1 Planning & Designing of Laboratory
	19.2 Size of the Lab
	19.3 Layout
	19.4 Spaces
	19.5 Location & Arrangement of Areas
	19.6 Open- Lab Designs
	19.7 Biosafety
	19.8 Molecular Testing
	19.9 Laboratories
	19.10 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS)
	19.11 Clear Floor Space
	19.12 Electrical Points in Laboratories
	19.13 Other Communication Points in Laboratories
	19.14 Air Conditioning System of Laboratories
	19.15 Furniture in the Laboratories
	19.16 Main Equipment in the Clinical Laboratories
	19.17 Support Services
		19.17.1 Autoclave
		19.17.2 Bulk Storage Room
		19.17.3 Cold Storage Room
		19.17.4 RO Water Closet
		19.17.5 Gas Storage Closet
		19.17.6 Record/File/Copy Room
		19.17.7 Flammable Storage
		19.17.8 Specimen Storage/Recycle
		19.17.9 Block and Slide Storage
		19.17.10 Penta Head/Deca Head Microscope Room
	19.18 Utility Area
		19.18.1 Doctors Room
		19.18.2 Laboratory Manager
		19.18.3 Technicians Room
	19.19 Outpatient Phlebotomy
		19.19.1 OPD Phlebotomy Room
		19.19.2 Fine Needle Aspiration Room
		19.19.3 Toilets
		19.19.4 Waiting Area
	19.20 Employee Support
		19.20.1 Staff Lounge
		19.20.2 Lockers
		19.20.3 Shower with Water Closet
	Further Reading
Chapter 20: Blood Bank
	20.1 Location of the Blood Bank in the Hospital
	20.2 Controlling Authority
	20.3 Functions of Blood Bank
		20.3.1 Receiving
		20.3.2 Storage
		20.3.3 Testing
		20.3.4 Distribution
	20.4 Infrastructure of the Blood Bank
	20.5 Area of Blood Bank
	20.6 Equipment in the Blood Bank
	20.7 Receiving Area
		20.7.1 Entrance
		20.7.2 Reception
		20.7.3 Registration
		20.7.4 Waiting
		20.7.5 Medical Examination
		20.7.6 Bleeding Room
		20.7.7 Refreshment/Recovery/Rest Room
		20.7.8 Apheresis Room
	20.8 Testing Area
		20.8.1 Laboratories
		20.8.2 Wall
		20.8.3 Flooring
		20.8.4 Doors
		20.8.5 Lightning
		20.8.6 Earthing
		20.8.7 Working Slabs
		20.8.8 Sinks
		20.8.9 Electrical Points in Laboratories
		20.8.10 Other Communication Points in Laboratories
		20.8.11 Air Conditioning System of Laboratories
		20.8.12 Furniture in the Laboratories
		20.8.13 Fittings and Fixtures
	20.9 Storage & Processing Area
		20.9.1 Storage of Untested Blood
		20.9.2 Storage of Tested Blood
		20.9.3 Blood Bank Refrigerators
		20.9.4 Blood Component Room
			20.9.4.1 Flooring
			20.9.4.2 Doors
			20.9.4.3 Electrical Requirements
			20.9.4.4 Furniture in the Component Room
			20.9.4.5 Electrical Points in the Component Room
			20.9.4.6 Other Communication Points in Laboratories
			20.9.4.7 Air Conditioning System of Component Room
		20.9.5 Use of Wood
		20.9.6 Fitting and Fixtures
	20.10 Distribution Area
		20.10.1 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS)
	20.11 Utility Area
		20.11.1 Change Room
		20.11.2 Doctors Rest Rooms
		20.11.3 Store
		20.11.4 Record Room
		20.11.5 Medical Officer Room
		20.11.6 Sterilization Room Cum Washing Room
		20.11.7 Waste Management and Disposal
	Further Reading
Chapter 21: Other Investigation & Procedures
	21.1 Coronary Catheterization (Cath Lab)
		21.1.1 Location of the Cath Lab
		21.1.2 Number of Cath Lab Procedure Rooms
		21.1.3 Other Issues Related to Cath Lab
		21.1.4 Cath Lab Console Room
		21.1.5 UPS Room
		21.1.6 Cath Lab Panel Room
		21.1.7 Change Rooms for Patients
		21.1.8 Change Rooms for Staff
		21.1.9 Waiting for Cath Lab
		21.1.10 Stores for Unused Consumable
		21.1.11 Stores for Records and CDs
		21.1.12 Consultation Rooms
	21.2 Thallium Scan
	21.3 Audiometry
		21.3.1 Location of the Audiometry Room
		21.3.2 Room Designing
	21.4 Bronchoscopy
	21.5 Capsule Endoscopy, Cholangioscopy, Colonoscopy, Duodenoscopy, Endoscopic Ultrasound & Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Etc.
	21.6 Neurology
	21.7 Polysomnography (Sleep Lab)
		21.7.1 Location of the Sleep Lab
		21.7.2 Room Designing
	21.8 Ophthalmology
	21.9 ESW Lithotripter of Urology
	21.10 Dialysis
		21.10.1 Location of the Dialysis Room
		21.10.2 Dialysis Procedure Room
		21.10.3 Other Issues of Dialysis Unit
		21.10.4 Wash Room for Dialysers
		21.10.5 Store
		21.10.6 Change Rooms for Patients
		21.10.7 Change Rooms for Staff
		21.10.8 Waiting for Dialysis
	Further Reading
Chapter 22: Radiation Therapy
	22.1 Location of Radiotherapy Unit
	22.2 Infrastructure of the Radiotherapy Department
	22.3 Utility Areas
		22.3.1 Entrance to the Department
		22.3.2 Outside Entrance
		22.3.3 Reception & Enquiry Counter
		22.3.4 Registration Counter
		22.3.5 General Waiting
		22.3.6 Store
		22.3.7 Consultation Room
	22.4 Treatment & Planning Area
		22.4.1 Mould Room
		22.4.2 Mould Workshop
		22.4.3 Medical Physics
		22.4.4 CT Simulators
	22.5 Radiation Therapy Treatment Area
		22.5.1 External Beam Radiation Therapy
		22.5.2 Internal Beam Radiation Therapy
	22.6 Radiotherapy Ward
	22.7 Trolley Bay
	22.8 Change Rooms
	22.9 Store
	22.10 Signage and Wayfinding
	22.11 Sub Waiting Lobbies
	22.12 Clean Utility
	22.13 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room
	22.14 Hand Washing
	22.15 Administration/Offices
	22.16 Other Communication Points in the Radiation Department
	22.17 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
	22.18 Central Piped Medical Gas Supply
	22.19 Electrical Points in the Radiation Therapy Department
	22.20 Power Backup
	Further Reading
Chapter 23: Rehabilitation and Allied Health Therapies
	23.1 Location of Physiotherapy Department
	23.2 Infrastructure of the Physiotherapy Department
	23.3 Entrance/Entrance Lobby
	23.4 Reception
	23.5 Waiting Areas
	23.6 Examination Room with Exam Cubicles
	23.7 Patient Therapy Areas
		23.7.1 Physiotherapy
		23.7.2 Occupational Therapy
	23.8 Administrative Area
	23.9 Store
	23.10 Trolley Bay
	23.11 Clean Utility
	23.12 Dirty Utility/Sluice Room
	23.13 Change Rooms
	23.14 Other Issues About the Infrastructure of the Rehabilitation Department
	Further Reading
Chapter 24: Pharmacy Unit
	24.1 Location of the Pharmacy
	24.2 Size of the Pharmacy
	24.3 Infrastructure of Pharmacy
	24.4 Pharmacy for Outpatients
		24.4.1 Entrance
		24.4.2 Drug Receiving Area
		24.4.3 Disbursing Hall
		24.4.4 Bulk Storage
		24.4.5 Cold Store
		24.4.6 Expiry Drug Room
		24.4.7 Costly Drug Room
		24.4.8 Drug Sorting Room
		24.4.9 Narcotics and Controlled Drug Store
	24.5 Pharmacy for Inpatients
	24.6 Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS)
	24.7 Pharmacist Offices
	24.8 Automation in the Pharmacy
	Further Reading
Chapter 25: CSSD
	25.1 Infrastructure of CSSD
	25.2 Location
	25.3 Area Required for CSSD Department
	25.4 Material Flows
	25.5 Functional Zones of CSSD
		25.5.1 Receiving Zone (Unclean Area)
		25.5.2 Decontaminating, Washing and Disinfecting Zone
	25.6 Packaging Area
		25.6.1 Location
		25.6.2 Role of the Packing Room Shall Be
		25.6.3 Contents of Packing Room
	25.7 Sterilization Area
		25.7.1 Location and Relationships
		25.7.2 Main Activities of the Sterilization Process
		25.7.3 Size of the Sterilization Room
		25.7.4 Methods and Types of Sterilizers
			25.7.4.1 Steam Sterilizers
			25.7.4.2 Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer (ETO)
			25.7.4.3 Dry Heat Sterilizer
			25.7.4.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Plasma Sterilizer
	25.8 Clean Storage Area
		25.8.1 Location of the Clean Storage Room
		25.8.2 Designing of the Storage Shelves
	25.9 Delivery Counter
	25.10 Support Areas
		25.10.1 Staff Changing Rooms
		25.10.2 Administrative Area
	25.11 Electrical Points
	25.12 Air Conditioning
	Further Reading
Chapter 26: Piped Medical Gas Supply System (MGPS)
	26.1 System Components
	26.2 Sources
	26.3 Piping Networks
		26.3.1 Pipeline Installation
		26.3.2 Valves
		26.3.3 Warning and Alarm Systems
		26.3.4 Outlets and Inlets
		26.3.5 Secondary Equipment
	26.4 Designing the MGPS System
		26.4.1 Analysis of the Area of the Hospital
	26.5 Infrastructure for MGPS
	26.6 Manifold Room
		26.6.1 Location of the Manifold
		26.6.2 Size of the Manifold Room
		26.6.3 Fixing the Manifold Systems in the Hall/Room
	26.7 Compressed Medical Air
		26.7.1 Compressor Air Plant
		26.7.2 Air Filtration
		26.7.3 Medical Air 400 kPa
		26.7.4 Surgical Air 700 kPa
	26.8 Vacuum
		26.8.1 Vacuum Plant
		26.8.2 Filtration System
	26.9 Issues While Designing the Plant Room and the Manifold Room
	26.10 Medical Gases Outlet Terminals
	26.11 Bulk Liquid Oxygen Gas System
		26.11.1 Liquid Oxygen Vessel
	Further Reading
Chapter 27: Hospital Kitchen
	27.1 Infrastructure of Hospital Kitchen
	27.2 Location of Hospital Kitchen
	27.3 Size of the Kitchen
	27.4 Entry
	27.5 Change Rooms Cum Wash Areas
	27.6 Receipt Area for Supplies
	27.7 Storage Area
		27.7.1 Bulk Storage
		27.7.2 Fruit and Vegetable Store
		27.7.3 Refrigeration, Cool Rooms, Freezers
		27.7.4 Storage Areas for Dry Ration/Goods
	27.8 Preparation Areas
	27.9 Cooking Areas
	27.10 Reheating Areas
	27.11 Packing/Plating
	27.12 Meal Trolley/Cart Parking
	27.13 Food Distribution
	27.14 Trolley Return/Stripping
	27.15 Trolley/Cart Wash
	27.16 Dishwashing
	27.17 Pot Washing
	27.18 Waste Disposal
	27.19 Gas Storage Closet
	27.20 Staff and Support Areas
	27.21 Fixtures, Fittings and Equipment
	Further Reading
Chapter 28: Laundry
	28.1 Infrastructure of Laundry
	28.2 Location of the Laundry
	28.3 Size of the Unit
	28.4 Dirty and Soiled Linen Generation
	28.5 Dirty and Soiled Linen Interim Storage
	28.6 Central Storage Area
	28.7 Dirty Receipt
	28.8 Sorting and Weighing
	28.9 Washing Area
		28.9.1 Loading and Washing
		28.9.2 Extractors
		28.9.3 Tumble Drying
		28.9.4 Ironing
			28.9.4.1 Pressing Machines
			28.9.4.2 Calendar Dryer Irons
			28.9.4.3 Flat Irons
	28.10 Inspection and Repairing
	28.11 Packaging and Storage
	28.12 Dispatch Room
	28.13 Trolley Washing
	28.14 Store
	28.15 Staff and Support Areas
	28.16 Other Issues Relating to the Infrastructure of the Laundry
		28.16.1 Infection Control
		28.16.2 Airflow
		28.16.3 Mechanical Ventilation
		28.16.4 Hot-Air Extraction
		28.16.5 Compressors
		28.16.6 Steam
		28.16.7 Water Supply, Heating, and Water Treatment Equipment
		28.16.8 Fire Prevention and Detection
		28.16.9 Communications
	Further Reading
Chapter 29: Medical Record Department (MRD)
	29.1 Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
	29.2 Location of MRD
	29.3 Infrastructure of MRD
	29.4 Entry and Reception
	29.5 Medical Record Receipt Room
	29.6 Compilation Desk
	29.7 Indexing and Coding
	29.8 Statistical Analysis
	29.9 Computer Lab
	29.10 Medical Record Storage Room
	29.11 Dictation Room/Cubicles
	29.12 Transcription Room
	29.13 Photocopying/Printing Room
	29.14 Scanning Room
	29.15 Binding Room
	29.16 Waste Holding Room
	29.17 Store
	29.18 Administrative Area
	29.19 Other Issues About the Infrastructure of MRD
	Further Reading
Chapter 30: Mortuary
	30.1 Mortuary
	30.2 Autopsy Unit
	30.3 Location of the Mortuary
	30.4 Infrastructure of Mortuary
	30.5 Mortuary
		30.5.1 Entrance Lobby
		30.5.2 Body Wash
		30.5.3 Body Holding Area
			30.5.3.1 Walk-in Cool Room
			30.5.3.2 Refrigerated Cabinets
		30.5.4 Waiting/Viewing Area
		30.5.5 Storage
		30.5.6 Administration Area
		30.5.7 Exit Lobby
	30.6 Autopsy Area
		30.6.1 Pre Autopsy Room
		30.6.2 Autopsy Room (Indoor)
		30.6.3 Autopsy Room (Outdoor)
		30.6.4 Post Autopsy Room
		30.6.5 Autopsy surgeon’s room
		30.6.6 Instrument Wash Room
		30.6.7 Viscera Preparation Room
		30.6.8 Viscera Stores
		30.6.9 Surgeon Change Room
	30.7 Other Infrastructural Issues Relating to the Mortuary/Autopsy Room
	Further Reading
Chapter 31: Administration Area
	31.1 Levels of Administrative Staff
	31.2 Infrastructure of the Administrative Area
	31.3 Location of the Administrative Area
	31.4 Reception
	31.5 Infrastructure of Reception
	31.6 Waiting Lobby
	31.7 Offices of the Senior Management
		31.7.1 Electrical Points
		31.7.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		31.7.3 Lighting in the Offices
		31.7.4 Doors
		31.7.5 Windows
		31.7.6 Flooring
		31.7.7 Air-Conditioning
		31.7.8 Room Décor
		31.7.9 Furniture in the Executive Offices
		31.7.10 Acoustics
		31.7.11 Privacy
	31.8 Offices of the Senior Executive Level Management
		31.8.1 Electrical Points
		31.8.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		31.8.3 Lighting in the Offices
		31.8.4 Doors
		31.8.5 Windows
		31.8.6 Flooring
		31.8.7 Air-Conditioning
		31.8.8 Furniture in the Executive Offices
		31.8.9 Acoustics
	31.9 Offices of the Executive Level Management
		31.9.1 Electrical Points
		31.9.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		31.9.3 Lighting in the Offices
		31.9.4 Doors
		31.9.5 Windows
		31.9.6 Flooring
		31.9.7 Air-Conditioning
		31.9.8 Furniture in the Executive Offices
	31.10 Offices of the Junior Level Management
		31.10.1 Electrical Points
		31.10.2 Other Communication Points
		31.10.3 Lighting in the Offices
		31.10.4 Doors
		31.10.5 Windows
		31.10.6 Flooring
		31.10.7 Air-Conditioning
	31.11 Support Room/Facilities
		31.11.1 Senior Management’s PA Room
		31.11.2 Secretarial Staff
		31.11.3 Kitchen
		31.11.4 Dining Area
		31.11.5 Staff Toilets
		31.11.6 Store
		31.11.7 Notice Boards
	31.12 Meeting Rooms
		31.12.1 Electrical Points
		31.12.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		31.12.3 Lighting
		31.12.4 Doors
		31.12.5 Windows
		31.12.6 Flooring
		31.12.7 Air-Conditioning
		31.12.8 Room Decor
		31.12.9 Furniture in the Meeting Room
		31.12.10 Acoustics
		31.12.11 Privacy
	Further Reading
Chapter 32: Stores in the Hospital
	32.1 Functions of Stores
	32.2 Types of Hospital Stores
	32.3 Planning of Hospital Stores
	32.4 Location of the Stores
	32.5 Infrastructure of Stores
		32.5.1 Store
		32.5.2 Storekeeper Room
		32.5.3 Store Secretarial Staff
		32.5.4 Kitchen
		32.5.5 Staff Toilets
		32.5.6 Special Store Room
		32.5.7 Cold Room
		32.5.8 Issue Counter
		32.5.9 Receiving Area
	32.6 Other Infrastructure Issues
		32.6.1 Electrical Points
		32.6.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		32.6.3 Lighting in the Stores
		32.6.4 Doors
		32.6.5 Windows
		32.6.6 Flooring
		32.6.7 Air-Conditioning
		32.6.8 Furniture in the Stores
		32.6.9 Notice Boards
	Further Reading
Chapter 33: Engineering and Maintenance Unit
	33.1 Works Shops
		33.1.1 Biomedical Workshop
		33.1.2 Electrical Workshop
		33.1.3 HVAC Workshop
		33.1.4 MGPS Workshop
		33.1.5 Low Voltage Workshop
		33.1.6 Building Maintenance
		33.1.7 Mechanical Workshop
		33.1.8 Fire Fighting Workshop
		33.1.9 Automobile Workshop
	33.2 Location of the Workshops
	33.3 Infrastructure of Workshops
		33.3.1 Workshop
		33.3.2 Workshop In-charge Room
		33.3.3 Workshop Engineers
		33.3.4 Staff Toilets
		33.3.5 Receiving/Issue Counter
	33.4 Other Infrastructure Issues
		33.4.1 Electrical Points
		33.4.2 Other Communication Points in the Room
		33.4.3 Lighting in the Workshops
		33.4.4 Doors
		33.4.5 Windows
		33.4.6 Flooring
		33.4.7 Air-Conditioning
		33.4.8 Furniture in the Workshop
		33.4.9 Notice Boards
	Further Reading
Section III: MEP Planning & Designing
Chapter 34: HVAC (Air-Conditioning) System
	34.1 Central Water Chilled Plant
		34.1.1 Chillers
			34.1.1.1 Water-Cooled Chillers
			34.1.1.2 Air-Cooled Chillers
		34.1.2 Cooling Towers
		34.1.3 Air Handling Systems
			34.1.3.1 Air Handling Units (AHU)
			34.1.3.2 Fan Coil Units
		34.1.4 Variable Air Volume (VAV) Ventilation
		34.1.5 Diffusers, Registers and Grills
			34.1.5.1 Grills
			34.1.5.2 Registers
			34.1.5.3 Diffusers
		34.1.6 Ductwork
		34.1.7 Air Intake and Exhaust
		34.1.8 Filtration
	34.2 Installation of Central Chilled Water Plant:
		34.2.1 Chillers
		34.2.2 Cooling Towers
		34.2.3 Air Handling System
	34.3 DX (Direct Expansion) Chilling
		34.3.1 The Plant Room
		34.3.2 Air Handling Unit Room
		34.3.3 Air-Conditioned Room
		34.3.4 Benefits of DX Air-Conditioning Systems
		34.3.5 Disadvantages of the DX System
	34.4 Split Air Conditioning
	34.5 HVAC- Room Side Design
	Further Reading
Chapter 35: Electrical Services
	35.1 Primary Power Supply (PPS)
	35.2 Secondary Power Supply (SPS)
	35.3 Tertiary Power Supply (TPS)
	35.4 Electrical Load Calculation
	35.5 HT Distribution System
	35.6 LT Power Distribution
	35.7 Redundancy Due to Power Failure
	35.8 Emergency Power Generation System
	35.9 Uninterrupted Power Supply System (UPS)
	35.10 Switching Arrangement
	35.11 Emergency Lighting
	35.12 Earthing System
	35.13 System of Wiring and Cabling
	35.14 Switches/Sockets and Boxes
	35.15 Lightning Protection
	35.16 Power Quality
	35.17 Power Factor Correction
	35.18 Street Lighting System
	35.19 Lighting Management System
		35.19.1 Occupancy Sensor
	Further Reading
Chapter 36: ELV, ICT and IBMS Services
	36.1 Data System
	36.2 Nurse Call System
		36.2.1 Desktop Console
		36.2.2 Room Lights
		36.2.3 Patient Call with Handset
		36.2.4 Patient Call – in Toilets
		36.2.5 Staff Assist Call
		36.2.6 Emergency Call
		36.2.7 Wireless Handset
		36.2.8 Wireless Console
		36.2.9 Audio-Video Nurse Call System
	36.3 Electronic Security and Video Surveillance System
		36.3.1 Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV)
	36.4 Access Control System
		36.4.1 No-Touch Access
	36.5 Telecommunication System
	36.6 Patient Entertainment and Information Systems
	36.7 Queue Management System
	36.8 Public Address System
	36.9 Integrated Building Management Systems (IBMS)
	Further Reading
Chapter 37: Information Technology and Computerization
	37.1 Health Information System (HIS)
	37.2 Modules of Hospital Information Software
		37.2.1 Information Desk Module
		37.2.2 Patient Registration Module
		37.2.3 Outpatient Management Module
		37.2.4 Inpatient Management Module
		37.2.5 Admission, Transfer, Discharge (ADT) Module
		37.2.6 Consulting Appointment Management Module
		37.2.7 Bed Management Module
		37.2.8 Ward Management Module
		37.2.9 Nursing Management Module
		37.2.10 Operating Room Module
		37.2.11 Laboratory Module
		37.2.12 Blood Bank Module
		37.2.13 Radiology Module
		37.2.14 Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) Module
		37.2.15 Casualty & Emergency Management System
		37.2.16 Pharmacy Information System
		37.2.17 Order Management System Module
		37.2.18 The Birth/Death Registration Module
		37.2.19 Electronic Medical Records Module
		37.2.20 Billing and Finance Module
		37.2.21 Insurance and Medi-claim Module
		37.2.22 Human Resources Module
		37.2.23 Materials Management System (Stock, Purchasing and Fixed Asset Module)
		37.2.24 Dietary Module/Catering Module
		37.2.25 Statistics and Reporting Module (MIS)
		37.2.26 Hospital Analytics
		37.2.27 Interface Module
	Further Reading
Chapter 38: Water Supply and Drainage System
	38.1 Source of Water Supply
	38.2 Water Storage
		38.2.1 Water Storage Tank Locations
	38.3 Systems of Water Treatment
		38.3.1 Pasteurization
		38.3.2 Chemical Treatment
		38.3.3 Chlorine Water Treatment
		38.3.4 Water Softener Plants
		38.3.5 Silver-Copper Ionization
		38.3.6 Reverse Osmosis Treatment
		38.3.7 Ultraviolet Treatment
		38.3.8 Ozone Water Treatment
		38.3.9 Distilled Water
	38.4 Drinking Water
	38.5 Water Booster Pumps
	38.6 Hot Water System
		38.6.1 Electrical Hot Water Generation
		38.6.2 Hot Water Generation from Boiler/Steam by Burning Fuel
		38.6.3 Solar Hot Water Generation
		38.6.4 Stand-Alone Hot Water Geysers
	38.7 Sanitary Fittings
	38.8 Irrigation Water Supply
	38.9 WC Flushing Systems
	38.10 Steam System
	38.11 Drainage Strategy
	38.12 Types of Drainage Systems
		38.12.1 Wastewater Drainage
		38.12.2 Soil Water Drainage
		38.12.3 Storm Water Drainage
		38.12.4 Chemical Drainage
		38.12.5 Radiation Drainage
	38.13 Methods of Drainage
		38.13.1 Vent Pipes
		38.13.2 Floor Drains
		38.13.3 Soil Water Drainage
		38.13.4 Rainwater Drainage System
		38.13.5 Infectious Contaminated Drainage
		38.13.6 Radiation Drainage
		38.13.7 Kitchen Grease Drainage
	Further Reading
Chapter 39: Vertical Transportation System
	39.1 Lift Categories
		39.1.1 General Passenger Lifts
		39.1.2 Bed Lifts
		39.1.3 Service/Goods Lift
	39.2 Design Considerations
	39.3 Engineering Guidelines
	Further Reading
Chapter 40: Pneumatic Tube Systems (PTS)
	40.1 Pneumatic Tube System Components
		40.1.1 Blower & Air Reverse Valve
		40.1.2 Carrier
		40.1.3 Control Centre
		40.1.4 Database
		40.1.5 Inter-zone Connection
		40.1.6 Station
		40.1.7 Diverter
		40.1.8 Tubing
		40.1.9 Zone
		40.1.10 Slow Speed Device
	Further Reading
Chapter 41: Signage System
	41.1 Categories Using Way-Finding
		41.1.1 Patients and Visitors
		41.1.2 Staff
		41.1.3 Users with Special Needs
		41.1.4 Sensory Impairment
		41.1.5 Language and Illiteracy
	41.2 Principles for Designing a Wayfinding System
	41.3 Types of Sign Boards
		41.3.1 Classified by Function
		41.3.2 Signs Classified by Physical Characteristics
		41.3.3 Other Factors in the Classification of Sign Boards
	Further Reading
Chapter 42: Bio-Medical Waste Management
	42.1 Classification of Hospital Waste
		42.1.1 Bio-Medical Waste
		42.1.2 General Waste
		42.1.3 Other Wastes
	42.2 Steps Involved in Bio-Medical Waste Management
	42.3 Bio-Medical Waste Segregation
	42.4 Bio-Medical Waste Collection
		42.4.1 Time of Collection
		42.4.2 Packing of Bio-Medical Waste & Labelling
		42.4.3 Interim Storage
	42.5 Transportation of Bio-Medical Waste in Hospital
		42.5.1 Transportation Trolleys
		42.5.2 Route of Transportation
		42.5.3 Central Waste Collection Room for Bio-Medical Waste
	42.6 Record Keeping
	42.7 Updating Information on the Website
	42.8 Management of General Waste
	42.9 Management of Other Wastes
		42.9.1 Used Batteries
		42.9.2 Management of Radioactive Wastes
		42.9.3 Management of E-Wastes
	42.10 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP/STP)
		42.10.1 Preliminary Stage
		42.10.2 Primary Stage
		42.10.3 Secondary Stage
		42.10.4 Tertiary Stage
	Further Reading
Chapter 43: Fire Safety
	43.1 Planning for Fire Safety in Hospitals
	43.2 Structural Elements for Fire Safety
		43.2.1 Compartmentalization
		43.2.2 Open Spaces
		43.2.3 Basements
		43.2.4 General Exit Requirements
		43.2.5 Corridors and Passageways
		43.2.6 Staircases
		43.2.7 Ramps
		43.2.8 Electrical and Emergency Power
		43.2.9 Air Conditioning, Ventilation and Smoke Control
		43.2.10 Fire Barrier
		43.2.11 Glazing
		43.2.12 Surface Interior Finishes
		43.2.13 Fire Command Center (FCC)
	43.3 Fire Detection and Alarm
	43.4 Fire Extinguishers/Fixed Fire Fighting Installations
		43.4.1 Static Water Storage Tanks
		43.4.2 Fire-Fighting Pump House
		43.4.3 Automatic Sprinkler Installation
	Further Reading
Chapter 44: Green Hospitals
	44.1 What Is Green Hospital
	44.2 Elements of a Green Hospital
		44.2.1 Energy Conservation
		44.2.2 Alternative Means of Energy Generation
		44.2.3 Water Conservation
		44.2.4 Indoor Environmental Quality and HVAC Optimization
		44.2.5 Chemical Management
		44.2.6 Solid Waste Management
		44.2.7 Environmental Services
		44.2.8 Food Services
		44.2.9 Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
		44.2.10 Sustainable Construction Materials
		44.2.11 Pharmaceutical Minimization, Management and Disposal
		44.2.12 Reducing Transportation Cost
		44.2.13 Greenery
	Further Reading
Section IV: Equipment Planning
Chapter 45: Equipment Planning
	45.1 Choosing the Desired Equipment
		45.1.1 Quality of the Equipment
	45.2 Points to Be Considered While Purchasing the Medical Equipment
		45.2.1 Equipment Specification and Configuration
		45.2.2 Warranty
		45.2.3 Maintenance Contracts
		45.2.4 Availability of the Service Engineers and the Workshops
		45.2.5 Period of Spare Part Availability
		45.2.6 Cost of Consumables
		45.2.7 Life Expectancy of the Equipment
		45.2.8 Plan for Space and Development
		45.2.9 Vendors Evaluation
		45.2.10 Regulatory Compliance
		45.2.11 Inspection and Testing Before the Transfer of Ownership
	45.3 Equipment Used in the Hospital
	Further Reading