Handbook on COVID-19 Pandemic and Older Persons: Narratives and Issues from India and Beyond

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Appreciation for the Book
Contents
About the Editor
Part I Introductory Section—Critical Global Concerns and Responses
1 Older Persons and Covid-19 Pandemic: An Exposition
	References
2 Impact of Covid-19 on Older Population: Review of the Initial Phase
	Covid-19
	Global Impact of Covid-19
	Effect on Health and Care of Elderly
		Older People are at Higher Risk of Contracting Coronavirus and Severe Illness
		Healthcare Delivery During Covid
		Long-Term Care and Old Age Homes
		Mental Health of Older Adults and Pandemic Covid-19
	Economic Impact on Older Population During Covid-19
	Social Impact
		Elder Abuse and Ageism
	Bringing Back the Normalcy
	Notes
3 COVID-19: A Worldwide Hecatomb in Long-Term Care Facilities
	COVID-19 or Neglect?
	Systemic Neglect
		Inadequate Staffing
		Poor Infection Control Practices
		Insufficient Safety Supplies
	Statutory Neglect
		Governments Chose to Protect Hospitals
		Triage Protocol for the Elderly
		Visitor Bans in Nursing Homes
		Dying Alone
		LTCF Residents’ Forgotten Deaths
	A Multibillion-Dollar Business
		De-hospitalizing Healthcare Systems
		Governments and Nursing Homes
	Conclusion
	References
4 Trends in the Management of Aged Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	Elderly and COVID-19
	Trends in the Management of the Aged Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Introductions
	Knowing Better About the Target Population and the Origin of the Problem
		Understanding the Problem (Novel Coronavirus)
		Understanding the Factors Predisposing the Elderly Towards Vulnerability to the COVID-19 Consequences
	Situation Analysis
		Direct Impact of COVID-19
		Unintended or Indirect Impact of COVID-19
	Learn from Past Pandemics
	Apply Unique Solutions
		Actions by the Government
		Actions by Media
		Actions by Society
		Actions by Health Care Providers
		Actions by Family Caregivers
		Actions by Self
	Recommendation for Future
	Conclusion
	References
5 Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) in Elderly Patients Infected with Covid-19
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Clinical Features
	Management of Covid-19
	Long-Term Prognosis and Sequelae of Covid-19
	Vaccination Strategy in Older People
	Advice to Older People
	References
6 Loneliness, Isolation, Neglect, and Abuse in Elderly Population Due to COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	COVID-19, Elderly Loneliness and Isolation: Behavioural Epidemic
	Negative Consequences of COVID-19
	How to Help the Geriatric Age Group During the Pandemic
	Strategies
	Conclusion
	References
7 Bereavement and COVID: Dual Trouble in the Elderly
	Bereavement and Grief
	Covid-19 and the Ageing Brain
	How Covid-19 Pandemic is Affecting Grief
	Other Losses Leading to Grief in Elders During the Covid-19 Pandemic
	Complicated Grief and Elders
		Survivor’s Guilt
		Bereavement Guilt
		Gratitude Guilt
		Survivors Pressure
	Anticipatory Grief
	Grief and Pre-existing Illness in Elders
	How to Help the Elders Deal with Bereavement and Grief During the Covid-19 Pandemic
	Bibliography
8 Active Ageing in COVID-19
	Introduction to Healthy/ActiveAgeing
	Definition of Active/Healthy Ageing
	Key Consideration
	Active/Healthy Ageing
		COVID-19 and Active/Healthy Ageing (OssenbruggenErik et al. 2020)2
	COVID-19 and Old Age
	The Important Role of Digitalization in Healthy/Active Ageing
	Efforts to Maintain Healthy Ageing in COVID-19
	Healthy Ageing Checklist
	Ways to Promote Good Physical Health
	Staying Healthy at Home
	Quit Tobacco to Stay Healthy
	Eat Healthy
	Healthy Communication in the Promotion of Healthy Ageing During COVID-19 Pandemic
	Policy Making on Active and Healthy Urban Ageing
	The Decade of Healthy Ageing
	National Program of Health-Care for the Elderly in India: A Hope for Healthy Ageing9 (Verma & Khanna, 2013)
	Role of Nurse in Healthy Ageing
	Conclusion
	Notes
Part II Specific Issues and Different Country Narratives
9 Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elderly People in Italy
	Introduction: Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
	Overview of the Italian Elderly Care Model
	The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Italian Elderly Population
	Conclusion: Perspectives on PNRR and Mistakes to Avoid
	References
10 Psychosocial Condition of Older Poles in the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Polish Policy Towards Older Adults and Old Age
	Socio-demographic Situation of Older People in Poland—An Outline of the Problem
	The Situation of Older People in the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Perceived Quality of Life in a Pandemic
	Resilience
	Summary
	References
11 Intergenerational Family Relations in Old Age During Regular Times and in Covid-19 Period
	Introduction
	Three Conceptualizations of Intergenerational Solidarity in Later Life
	Intergenerational Conflict in Later Life
	Intergenerational Ambivalence in Later Life
	Intergenerational Digital Solidarity in Later Life
	Intergenerational Relationships in “Regular” Times
	Family Relationships During Covid-19 Period
	Discussion
	References
12 The COVID-19 Routine: Towards Integrated Interventions in Detecting, Identifying, and Treating Elder Abuse and Neglect in Israel
	Introduction
	The COVID-19 Period and Perceived Threat
	Unique Characteristics of Target Populations
		The Older Adult Population
		Family Members
		Paid Caregivers
		Professional Staff
		Policy Makers
		Summary
	Principles and Guidelines for Coping with Challenges in the COVID-19 Routine
		The Older Adult Population
		Family Members in the Role of Caregivers
		Paid Caregivers
		Professional Staff
		Policy Makers
	Challenges, Needs, and Responses for Older Adults at Risk of Abuse and Neglect Regarding the COVID-19 Routine*
	Summary and Recommendations
	References
13 From Vulnerability to Resilience: How do Elderly Holocaust Survivors Living in a Nursing Home in Israel, Cope with the Threat of COVID-19? A Group Therapy Case Study
	Introduction
	Group Make-Up
		A Word About Group Psychotherapy for Elderly HS
		Group Meetings During COVID-19
	Holocaust Survivors’ Response to the Pandemic: Early Themes
		“Plague” is a Word From the Ghetto
		Just Not to Die of Suffocation
		There is No One to Blame, But Fate
		The Pain of Having to Undergo Another “Selection”
		Being Separated From the Family is the Hardest Thing
	Holocaust Survivors’ Responses to the Pandemic: Recent Themes
		Found the Strength to Die
		If I Knew What to Do at the Age of 12, I Will Probably Know What to Do Now
		Everything is Predetermined, But Freedom of Choice Still Sxists
		My Family is Always with Me
		There is Nothing to Compare
	Discussion
	The Groups’ Process Dynamics
	Summary
	References
14 The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Older Persons: The Reality of Turkey
	Introduction
	The Pandemic and Older Adults
	The Pandemic and Older Adults in Institutional Care
	The Pandemic and Older Adults Receiving Home Care Services
	Conclusion
	References
15 Mental and Physical Health of Iranian Older Adults With Positive Covid-19 Status During the Fifth Wave of Pandemic
	Highlights
	Background
	Materials and Methods
		Measurement
	Data Analysis
	Results
	Results of Repeated Measures ANOVA
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
16 Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia
	Introduction
	Elderly People in Outpatient Treatment: A High Psychological Risk Group
	Dynamics of Anxiety and Depression Associated with the Pandemic Period: Focus on Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
	Mental State Disturbances in the Background of COVID-19 Disease: The Factor of Age
	Factors of Health-Protective Behaviour During the Pandemic: The Role of Vaccination Against COVID-19
	Conclusions
	References
17 Older Australians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences and Responses
	Part 1—Australia’s Response to COVID-19
		Overview
		Initial Commonwealth Responses
		Initial State and Territory Responses
		Defining Moments in Australia’s COVID-19 Response
	Part 2—The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Older Australians
		Older People’s Responses to the COVID-19 Threat in the Community
	Part 3—Responses to COVID-19 in Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities—Too Little, Too Late
		Overview
		Regulation of Residential Aged Care in Australia
		Responses to Residential Aged Care Vulnerability
		Problems Experienced in Relation to Residential Aged Care
		The Response of the Royal Commission
	Part 4—Rising Instances of Elder Abuse in the Community During Enforced Lockdowns
		Social Isolation
		Pressure at Home During the Lockdown
		Financial Abuse by Family Members
	Part 5 Lessons for Australia—Addressing an Ageist Underbelly and Inadequate Responses to the Health and Safety Needs of Older People During the Pandemic
	References
18 Governing Risk and Older Age During COVID-19: Contextualizing Ageism and COVID-19 Outbreaks in Australian Aged Care Facilities During 2020
	Introduction
	Risk and COVID-19
	The Intersection of Risk, Health, and Age in COVID-19
	Political Responses to COVID-19: The Situation in Australian Aged Care
	Conclusion: Challenging Ageism in the Context of COVID-19
	References
19 United States Treatment of Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	A Brief History of the Spread of the Coronavirus and Treatments
	Early Treatments
	The Emergence of Vaccines
	Progression of the Virus
	The Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities
	Strategies for Safety
	A Tandem Wave of Neglect
	Impact on Older Adults Living in the Community
	Enforcement of Wearing Masks
	Seeking Out Health Care
	Racial and Ethnic Disparities
	The Spectre of Elder Abuse
	Primary Resources and Organizations Supporting Older Adults
	Support for Older Adults in the Community
	Observations, Conclusions, and a Way Forward in the Midst of a Pandemic
	A Way Forward—Envisioning a Future Reality
	References
20 Daily Life Among Adults in a Maryland Condominium During the Early Stages of the COVID Pandemic
	National Context
	Events in Maryland
	Context for Interviews with Residents in MoCo
	Respondents’ Characteristics
	Perspectives on the Pandemic
	Patterns of Daily Activity
	Contacts with Others
	Time at Home
	Medical Care
	Coping with Limitations
	New Interests and Activities
	More Time for Reflection
	Religion and Learning as Sources of Comfort
	Outlook Toward the Pandemic and Beyond
	What About the Future?
	Implications
	References
21 Challenges Faced by Institutionalized Elderly in COVID Era—Insights of a USA Doctor
	Introduction
	Methodology
	Stories 1
		Family Support to the Institutionalized Elderly in COVID Times
	Story 2
		Elder Abuse in COVID Times
	Vulnerability of a Dementia Patient in Memory Unit—Care Giving/Health Care Staff Challenge
	Stresses of Long Distance Elder Care Givers in COVID Era
	Instilling and Spreading Positivity in the COVID Era
	COVID Wing
	Conclusion
	References
22 Global and U.S. Policy Perspectives on COVID-19 and Impacts on Older Adult Care and Older People of Color: Syndemic Theory and Public Health Strategies for Palliative Care
	Introduction
		COVID 19 and Older People: International Policies, Programs, and Issues
		Abuse, Neglect, and Violence Against Older Adults and the Decade of Healthy Ageing
		New York Case Study: Nursing Home Experience During the Pandemic–Narratives of Loss, Inequity, and Systems and Infrastructure Failures
	Public Health and Palliative Care in Pandemics
	References
23 In Praise of Older Canadian Indigenous Peoples
	Setting the Scene
	Canada’s Shame: Residential Schools
	Seeking Truth and Reconciliation
	Intergenerational Trauma and Elder Abuse
	Ever-Present Financial Abuse
	Ageism in Healthcare
	A Flawed Long-Term Care System
	The Vulnerability of Older Adults in Indigenous Communities
	Ageing as a Federal Offender
	Social Isolation as an Indigenous Senior
	Risk Factors for Social Isolation
	Protective Factors of Social Isolation
	Youth and Generations Together
	The Dimensions of Indigenous Spirituality and Religion
	Resources and Interventions
		Support Groups: A Chance for Human Connection
		Empowerment
		Humour: A Strength in the Indigenous Community
		Leadership Challenge for Prevention and Awareness Advocates
	References
24 “Initial Responses to the Impact of Covid-19 on Older Persons in Argentina”
	Update Situation (26/10/2020)
		Long-Term Care Residences in Buenos Aires City
	Economical Impact
	Long-Term Care Residences for Older Adults in Argentina
	City Government of Buenos Aires
		General Direction for Dependencies and Primary Care
	National Institute of Social Security for Retirees and Pensioners (INSSJP)
		Communication in Times of Covid-19 Comprehensive Medical Assistance Program (PAMI)
	Measures and Socioeconomic Impact on Older People
	Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires–Covid-19
		Programs Implemented
	Complaints of Older Adults
	New Types of Elder Abuse
	Accountability and Justice
		National Executive Power
		Older Adults Regarding Gender-Based Violence in Quarantine
		Violence: The Refuge
	Notes
25 Encounter of Older People in Sub-Saharan Africa with COVID19: A Review of Literature
	Introduction
	Methods
	Results and Discussion
		Focus of Studies
		Geographical Setting
		Methods
		Empirical Findings
	Conclusion
	References
26 COVID-19 Impact on Older People in Liberia: Analysis
	Background
	Problem Statement
		COVID-19 Data in Liberia
		National Older People Stay-at-Home Campaign
		Objectives
		Expected Outcomes
		Implementation Strategy
		Data for Older People Stay-at-Home Campaign
	Discussion
	Limitations
		Impact of COVID-19 on Vulnerabilities
		Protection of various Groups and Indigenous People
		Accountability and Justice
		Measures to Address Concerns for Older People
	References
27 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Persons in Nigeria: A Double Jeopardy of Vulnerability
	Introduction
	Epidemiology of COVID-19 
	Clinical Presentation of COVID in Older Nigerians: A Diagnostic Conundrum
	The Physical, Psychological, and Social Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic
	The Preventive Strategies
		Non-pharmacologic Measures
		Pharmacologic Measures: Vaccination
	Further Health Strategies by the Nigerian Government
	Implications for the Future Delivery of Person-Centred Provisions for Older Persons in Nigeria
	References
28 The Seven Dimensions of Active Ageing in Response to Covid-19 in Indonesia
	Introduction
	Objectives
	Methods
	Literature Review
		The Determinants of Active Ageing According to WHO Policy Framework (WHO, 2002)
		Seven Dimension of Welness by International Council on Active Ageing (ICAA, 2001)
		Nine (9) Principles of Active Ageing by International Council on Active Ageing (ICAA)
		Tujuh Dimensi Lansia Tangguh (Seven Dimensions of Tough Elderly) by BKKBN (2014)
		Indonesia Ramah Lansia, Yogyakarta, 2018
	Result and Discussion
	Concluding Remarks
	Limitation
	Recommendation
	References
29 Older Persons in Nepal and the effect of COVID-19
	Introduction
	Morbidity and Mortality
	Social Problems
	Financial Problems
	Efforts of Support and Disparity
	Conclusion
	References
30 Challenges and Lessons Learnt Among Older People During the COVID 19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka
	Ageing in Sri Lanka
	COVID 19 and Impact on Older Persons
	Health and Social Issues
	Economic Issues
	Our Success Stories
	Recommendations
	References
31 COVID-19 Trends and Experiences in Pakistani Population
	Introduction
	Spread of Virus
	Impact of Covid Other than Physical Health
	Vulnerable Group
	COVID in Pakistan
	Morbidity and Mortality
	Infection Risk
	Psychological Stress
	Feeling of Insecurity
	Basic Health Services
	Home Health Care for Elderly Patients
	Financial Restrains in Elderly
	Isolation of Elderly People
	Pakistan Government Efforts and Responses
	Awareness of Population
	Financial Support
	Needs Assessment
	Free COVID-19 Testing in Every Province
	Development of Psychosocial Support Program
	References
32 Impact of COVID-19 on Elderly: A Perspective from Pakistan
	Introduction
	Health Issues
	Social and Economic Issues
	Socio-cultural Issues
	Mental Health Issues
	Government Response
	Community Response
	Ethical Issues
	Conclusion
	References
33 Older Adults’ Mobility Amid COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: Safety and Perceived Risks of Using Public Transport
	Introduction
	Data and Methods
		Participant Recruitment
		Data Analysis
		Study Settings
	Results
		Socio-demographic Background
		Use of Transportation Before and After Lockdown
		Risk Perceptions and Safety
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
34 COVID-19 and Elder Abuse: Critical Issues for India
	Introduction
	Forms of Elder Abuse
	Under-Reporting of Elder Abuse
	COVID-19 and the Elderly, Elder Abuse
	Challenges Encountered by the Elderly in COVID-19
	Determinants of Elder Abuse during COVID-19
	Collapse of Law and Order Machinery and Elder Abuse during COVID-19
	Management of Elder Abuse during COVID-19
	Conclusions
	References
35 Exploring the Abuse Intervention Model to Understand the Effects of COVID-19 on Elderly in India
	Introduction
	Well-Being and Care of Elderly
	Rationale for a Model to Tackle Elder Abuse
	Theories Supporting AIM
	Measures To Mitigate Elder Abuse
	Conclusion
	References
36 Psychosocial Aspects of Geriatric Mental Health During COVID-19: The Issues for India
	Introduction
	Psychosocial Factors Affecting Geriatric Mental Health During COVID-19
		Social Isolation and Loneliness
		Lack of Technological Knowledge and Its Impact on the Elderly
		Elderly Staying in Community Settings
		Elderly in Nursing Homes and Old Age Homes
		Psychosocial Impact on the Mental Health of Elderly in Long-Term Care Settings
	Effect of COVID-19 on Specific Mental Health Problems in Geriatric Populations
		Anxiety and Anxiety Related Conditions
		COVID Related Anxiety in the Elderly
		Alcohol and Substance Abuse in the Elderly
		Suicide in the Elderly During COVID-19
		Depression in the Elderly and COVID-19
		Grief and Bereavement in the Elderly During COVID-19
		Resilience in the Elderly
		Telepsychiatry for Geriatric Mental Health
	Conclusions
	References
37 Mental Well-Being of Older Adults and Access to Healthcare During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Karnataka, India
	Background
		Access to Healthcare During COVID-19
		Mental Well-Being
	Methodology
	Results
		Socio-Demographic Details of Respondents
		Access to Healthcare and Medicines
		Impact on Mental Well-Being
	Discussion
		Access to Healthcare and Medicines
		Mental Well-Being
		Quality of Life
		Risk Perception
	Conclusion
	References
38 COVID-19 and Dementia Care: Critical Issues for India
	Introduction
	COVID-19 and Its Effects on Neurology and Dementia
	The Fusion of COVID-19 and Dementia
	Covid-19 and Mortality in Dementia
	Caregiver Burden, COVID-19, and Dementia
	Treatment of Dementia in the Midst of COVID-19
	Role of Technology in Dementia Care During COVID-19
	Measures to Mitigate the Impact of COVID-19 on Dementia Care
	Lessons Learnt and Future Plans for Dementia Care After COVID-19
	Conclusions
	References
39 Seeing the Rainbow Through the Prism of COVID-19: An Indian Experience
	References
40 Second Wave of Corona and Elderly Mental Health in India: Challenges and Way Forward
	Introduction
	Aims
	Methodology
	Concept of Old Age and Mental Health
	Demographic Scenario of the Elderly
	Review of Literature
	Analysis of the Findings of Mental Health Problem Scenario of India Prior and Post Covid Among Elderly
	Suggestion for Solutions
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
Correction to: Mental and Physical Health of Iranian Older Adults With Positive Covid-19 Status During the Fifth Wave of Pandemic
	Correction to:  Chapter 15 in: M. K. Shankardass (ed.), Handbook on COVID-19 Pandemic and Older Persons, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1467-8_15